Small Ruminant Rapid Test

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), commonly known as sheep plague, is also called pseudo-rinderpest, pneumonia, stomatitis-pneumonia complex. An acute viral infectious disease caused by ruminant pestivirus, which mainly infects small ruminants, and is characterized by fever, stomatitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.

Acute viral infectious disease caused by ruminant pestivirus.

Pest ruminant virus belongs to the genus Measles virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It has similar physicochemical and immunological properties to rinderpest virus. Viruses are polymorphic and usually spherical. The virus particles are larger than rinderpest virus, and the nucleocapsid is a spiral hollow rod with characteristic subunits and capsules. The virus can proliferate on testicular and Vero cells in fetal sheep kidney, fetal sheep and newborn sheep, and produce cytopathic (CPE), forming syncytia.

The incubation period for PPR is 4-5 days, with a maximum of 21 days. Symptoms occur only in goats and sheep. Goats have been severely affected, and occasional severe cases have occurred in sheep. Aphthous lesions appeared on the lips of some recovered goats. The clinical symptoms of infected animals are similar to those of rinderpest. Acute body temperature can rise to 41 °C for 3 to 5 days. The infected animals were restless, sluggish backs, dry mouth and nose, and lost appetite. Nasal mucus leaks, exhaling foul gas. In the first four days of the fever, the oral mucosa became congested, the buccal mucosa was extensively damaged, drooling, and then necrotic lesions appeared. The oral mucosa begins to show small, rough, superficial necrotic lesions, which subsequently turn pink and become infected. Part includes lower lip, lower gum, etc. In severe cases, necrotic lesions, nipples, tongue, etc. can be found on the pads, pa, cheeks. In the later stage, bloody watery diarrhea, severe dehydration, weight loss, and decreased body temperature. Cough and difficulty breathing. The morbidity rate is as high as 100%, in severe outbreaks, the mortality rate is 100%, and in mild cases, the mortality rate does not exceed 50%. Juvenile animals have high rates of severe morbidity and mortality, a type of disease designated by China.

PPRV belongs to the genus Measles virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. It also has dolphins measles virus, canine distemper virus, rat seal measles virus, rinderpest virus and measles virus. PPRV has only one serotype. The PPRV genome is a single-stranded negative-stranded RNA with a size of 15 948 nt. The 3 'end of the genome is the genomic promoter region and the 5' end is the reverse genomic promoter region. Six genes are arranged in the sequence 3'-NPMF-HL The 6 structural proteins encoded by -5 'sequence are nucleocapsid protein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H) and large protein (L), The P gene also encodes two non-structural proteins, C and V.

The disease mainly affects small ruminants, such as goats, sheep, and whitetail, and is endemic in West Africa, Central Africa, and parts of Asia. The disease occurs sporadically in endemic areas, and the epidemic may occur when the number of susceptible animals increases. The disease is transmitted mainly through direct contact. Secretions and excreta from diseased animals are the source of infection, and subclinical diseased sheep are particularly dangerous.

Because the virus has special affinity for gastrointestinal lymphocytes and epithelial cells, it causes characteristic lesions. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions and multinucleated giant cells usually appear in infected cells. Ruminant plague virus can cause lymphocyte necrosis in lymphoid tissue. Spleen, tonsil and lymph node cells are destroyed. Multinucleated giant cells containing eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions appeared with few intranuclear inclusions. In the digestive system, the virus causes epithelial cell necrosis deep in the marquis layer. The infected cells produce nuclear enrichment and nuclear rupture. Multinucleated giant cells containing eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions are formed in the epidermal germinal layer.

There is no effective treatment for this disease. The use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs at the beginning of the disease can symptomatically treat and prevent secondary infections. Cases found in clean countries and regions of the disease should be sealed tightly to kill the affected sheep and isolate and disinfect them. The prevention and control of this disease mainly depends on vaccine immunization.

1. Strengthen immunization. The vaccine of this disease has a good immune effect. Pay attention to the health status of the sheep during immunization. Newly purchased sheep must be observed in isolation to ensure that the sheep are healthy before immunization.
2. Strengthen feeding management. Foreigners and vehicles should be thoroughly disinfected before entering the field. It is strictly forbidden to introduce sheep from the epidemic area. Foreign sheep, especially sheep from the live sheep trading market, must be quarantined and observed for more than 21 days after the transfer. , Only mixed breeding.
3. Strengthen inspection of epidemic situation. Pay close attention to the health status of the sheep and find suspected diseased sheep. You should immediately isolate the suspected diseased sheep, restrict their movement, and report to the local veterinary department in a timely manner. Strictly harmless treatment of sick and dead sheep is prohibited. Sale and processing of sick and dead sheep are prohibited.

1. Rinderpest attenuated vaccine, because the virus is related to the antigen of rinderpest virus, the vaccine can be used to immunize sheep and goats for the prevention of small ruminant disease. The anti-rinderpest virus antibody produced by the vaccinia of rinderpest attenuated vaccine can resist the attack of zoonopestrum ruminant virus and has a good immune protection effect.
2. Pest ruminant virus, common attenuated vaccines are Nigeria7511 attenuated vaccine and Sungri / 96 attenuated vaccine. The vaccine does not have any side effects, and can cross-protect the attack infection of its various strains, but its thermal stability is poor.
3． Pest ruminant virus inactivated vaccine This vaccine is prepared from the pathological tissue of infected goats, and is generally inactivated with formaldehyde or chloroform. Practice has proven that the effect of formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines is not ideal, and the vaccines prepared with chloroform inactivation have better results.
4． The surface glycoprotein of the recombinant subunit vaccine Measles virus is well immunogenic. Regardless of whether the H protein or N protein is used as a subunit vaccine, it can stimulate the body to produce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and the antibodies produced can neutralize the ruminant pestis virus and rinderpest virus.
5． Chimera vaccine chimera vaccine is to replace the corresponding glycoprotein gene of rinderpest virus surface with the glycoprotein gene of Peste des Ruminae virus. This vaccine has good immunogenicity against Peste des petits ruminants virus, but it does not produce rinderpest virus glycoprotein antibodies in the serum of immunized animals.
6. A live vector vaccine was constructed by inserting the F gene of ruminant pestivirus into the TK gene coding region of sheep pox virus to construct a recombinant sheep pox virus vaccine. Recombinant vaccines can both resist the attack of the ruminant veterinary disease virus and prevent the infection of sheep pox virus.

Recently, the epidemic of small ruminant animals in sheep has occurred in many places in China, posing a great threat to sheep production. Finding and treating sick sheep in a timely manner is something every farmer must do.
The Small Ruminant Rapid Test kit provided by BALLYA can effectively detect whether goats have Peste des petits ruminants. The kit is not only simple to operate, but also has short detection time and high accuracy, so that the veterinarian can understand the petits ruminants physical condition and take appropriate treatment measures in time.

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