Due to the increase in labor costs, the use of mechanized equipment in the pasture is becoming more and more popular. With the use of mechanical equipment in the pasture, many workers or peasant workers in the pasture are trained slightly by after-sales service of vehicle equipment manufacturers to work. Many times, as long as the equipment can be operated and used, whether it is standardized or not, they are operating. Many pasture equipment is not maintained and repaired at ordinary times. Only when they can't move around can they find maintenance personnel or manufacturers to repair. This not only brings a lot of emergency troubles to the production and management of pasture but also makes the equipment scrapped in a few years. This article briefly describes the standard operation and maintenance of tractors, TMR trucks, and forklifts in the pasture. The purpose is to improve the efficiency and life of the equipment, ensure the sustainability of production and normal production of pasture through correct operation, maintenance and maintenance.
Ⅰ. Standardized operation process of tractors
1. Preparing for use
⑴. Operators read the instructions carefully to confirm that the water tank is full of water, the oil level is within the prescribed range of the oil gauge, the air filter oil is sufficient, the brake fluid is within the prescribed range, the battery should have electricity, the gap between 10 and 15 mm of the fan belt, especially the circuit is connected and there is no exposed wire.
2. Preparing for use
⑴. Operators read the instructions carefully to confirm that the water tank is full of water, the oil level is within the prescribed range of the oil gauge, the air filter oil is sufficient, the brake fluid is within the prescribed range, the battery should have electricity, the gap between 10 and 15 mm of the fan belt, especially the circuit is connected and there is no exposed wire.
⑵. Check the appearance of the tractor, tires and various water pipes to connect reliably, and the PTO shaft connected with the mixer is normal.
⑶. Observe whether there are oil stains or water stains on the floor of the car and find out the reasons in time.
3. Start-up of equipment
⑴. Start the tractor with a left foot clutch. The auxiliary clutch (power output) must be disconnected. In winter, the engine rotates at 800-1000 rpm for 3-10 minutes to warm up the engine. Each start-up time is not more than 15 seconds, start-up interval is not less than 2 minutes. Three successive start-up failure check reasons, troubleshooting, and restart.
⑵. Start in the first gear, hang the high gear one by one after giving the throttle slightly, to avoid the sudden increase of the throttle, the throttle should be slowly increased or decreased. When starting, the power output should not be turned on. At the same time, we should observe whether various instruments are normal, whether braking and lighting are good for use at low speed.
⑶. When the water temperature reaches above 60℃, the full load can work. The normal water temperature is 75-90 ℃. If the winter temperature is not enough, paper shells can be placed in front of the water tank to prevent wind.
⑷. Pay attention to the people and obstacles around you.
4. Use of equipment
⑴. Special attention! When a tractor works with a TMR mixer, the vehicle shuts down its power output as long as it is moving (Note: Some TMR suppliers say that their equipment can be agitated while moving, and ranch operators and managers do so according to the requirements of the equipment manufacturer).
⑵. When oil pressure is too low, water temperature is too high, the smoke exhaust is abnormal, abnormal noise, we should stop immediately for an inspection.
⑶. Vehicle speed should not be higher than 15km/h and 5km/h in the cowshed. Slow down in case of road unevenness or emergency
⑷. When the vehicle stops completely, it can be shifted from a forwarding gear to reverse gear and vice versa.
⑸. When water pipes and oil pipes are found to be cracked or loosened during use, we should stop and replace them immediately. Frequently observe whether various instruments are normal or not
⑹. Tractors take traction and power output as the main work content, so different types of tractors and manufacturers are selected according to different working objects (domestic and imported tractor models provide different power. When selecting, we must ask TMR equipment manufacturer's recommended model and manufacturer).
⑺. When a tractor is running, the driver must not leave his seat and put his foot on the brake and clutch pedals. Drivers have formed feet on the clutch pedal so that the clutch pieces are often worn and need to be replaced frequently.
⑻. Don't tread on the clutch with your toes or your feet to avoid weakness or slippage. Tread on the clutch quickly and stepping on it once. And loosen the clutch into fast, slow, stop and fast.
⑼. Use of sub-clutch: pull the sub-clutch quickly, and pull to the end; loose sub-clutch should be divided into fast, slow, stop, fast, gradually increasing load.
5. Parking of equipment
⑴. No shutdown at high temperature or high speed should be allowed. Water temperature should be gradually lowered. Put it in the designated position according to the requirement and turn off the total power supply of the equipment.
⑵. The parking location should be adapted to local conditions. The environment must be clean, tidy, non-combustible, and the ground is flat and hard. The condition of the garage must be placed in the garage.
⑶. When parking below 0 ℃, the tractor without antifreeze must exhaust the cooling water in the engine. When the weather is colder in winter, the discarded black and white film can be used to cover the engine part.
⑷. The tractor and TMR mixer are in a straight-line position. The tractor head is parked outward, or there are no obstacles within 2 meters ahead. If the tractor can not start in winter, it can be pulled by a forklift to catch fire.
⑸. Requirements for operators: one person decides that a car cannot be driven in turn and smoking is not allowed in the car.
Ⅱ. Standardized operation process of TMR mixer
1. Preparations before use
⑴. The operator confirms that all parts of the TMR mixer are normal, especially the weighing display is zero.
⑵. The operator checks the tire of the mixer not to leak or to reduce air; checks the position of hydraulic oil and gear oil through the oil level observation port in the middle of the observation port.
⑶. No impurities in the exhaust holes above the gearbox. Check that no impurities are allowed in the mixer.
2. Start-up of equipment
⑴. In winter, the tractor opens the power output shaft and the TMR mixer idles for 3-10 minutes to heat the hydraulic oil.
⑵. Pay attention to the people and obstacles around you.
3. Use of equipment
⑴.When feeding, the speed of the tractor power output shaft is 540 rpm. When TMR mixer needs to be maintained and cleaned, the tractor must be turned off and the power output must be closed to ensure that the power output is operated in the closed state, and the tractor and TMR mixer should be kept in a straight-line position.
⑵. Operators will use weighing monitors and make clear the different cattle and diets represented by the numbers on the monitors. The number of monitors must be zero before feeding raw materials.
⑶. Operators know the correct order of feeding and add raw materials strictly according to the TMR formula.
⑷. When adding Leymus Chinensis and alfalfa bales, they should be dispersed and checked. Foreign bodies must be cleaned up in time. Feeding should not exceed 250 kg in 3 seconds.
⑸. When adding fluffy raw materials, you can't press the raw materials with a bucket. After adding all the raw materials, the horizontal type ensures a 15% stirring space. The vertical type is 5%.
⑹. Operators of TMR ration must know the specific location of different herds and avoid bumps during transportation.
⑺. Horizontal vehicle when feeding: first open the belt, then close the door to prevent leftovers.
4. Parking of equipment
⑴. Put it in a fixed position according to the requirements and turn off the total power supply of the equipment.
⑵. The parking position should be clean, neat, non-flammable, flat and hard. The tractor and TMR mixer should be in a straight-line position.
Ⅲ. Standardized operation process of forklift loader
1.Preparing for use:
⑴. The operator checks the tire pressure of the forklift truck, confirms that the water tank is full of water, the oil level is within the prescribed range of the oil gauge, the battery should have electricity, the gap of 10-15mm between the fan and the generator belt, especially the circuit is connected and there is no exposed wire.
⑵. Observe whether there are oil stains or water stains on the floor of the car and find out the reasons in time. At the same time, observe whether all kinds of instruments are normal, and low-speed test brakes and lights are easy to use.
2. Start-up of equipment
⑴. Turn on the main switch of the power supply and start the vehicle. The variable speed control handle, arm and bucket control rod is placed in neutral.
⑵. In winter, the engine rotates at 800-1000 rpm for 3-10 minutes to warm up the engine and hydraulic oil. Every morning, when starting, all cylinders are moved up and down three times; the bucket is retracted three times; left and right turns three times to ensure the smooth hydraulic circuit.
⑶. It is advisable for the bucket to be lifted off the ground at the same height as the front bridge.
⑷. The forklift truck is of infinitely variable speed. The variable-speed control handle chooses low-speed forward gear and starts slowly. At the same time, attention should be paid to the people and obstacles around it.
3. Use of equipment
⑴. Reduce throttle speed in bad road conditions, sharp turning and emergency; speed limit of cattle farm is 15 km/h and cowshed is 5 km/h.
⑵. The right-hand side of the steering wheel is the control handle of the arm and bucket. Operators should operate slowly, rather slowly than quickly.
⑶.Don't step on the accelerator when shifting. When the vehicle stops completely, it can be shifted from a forwarding gear to reverse gear and vice versa.
⑷. Forklift trucks are not allowed to use second-class shovels, because the second-class is moving gear. When shoveling heavy objects close to the ground (concentrates, stones, sand), the front wheel must not leave the ground. If shoveling cannot occur, the tire skidding phenomenon occurs, a shovel can not be used to impact cargo, and the truck should be retracted immediately.
⑸. When the lower end of the bucket exceeds the end of the unloading point, the lifting arm will unload the bucket, while lifting, the bucket will turn forward, so the unloading should be gentle. The control arm can not be used to control the highest position for a long time, otherwise, the hydraulic cylinder will be damaged.
⑹. Operators must master the different cattle ration represented by the digits on the weighing display and observe whether the various instruments are normal.
⑺. Operators must know the correct order of feeding. They must strictly add raw materials according to TMR formula and reasonably control the quantity of feeding.
⑻. When adding Leymus Chinensis and alfalfa bales, they should be dispersed and checked. Feeding should not exceed 250 kg in 3 seconds.
4. Parking of equipment
⑴. Parking in the designated position according to the requirements, the distance between the two cars should not be less than 1 meter, and the total power supply of the equipment should be turned off.
⑵. The parking location should be adapted to local conditions, but the environment must be clean, non-combustible, flat and hard.
⑶. The bucket must be laid flat on the ground.
⑷. Requirements for operators: no smoking in the car.
Ⅳ. Maintenance of pasture vehicle equipment
1. Daily maintenance
At the end of each day's work, drivers must park their vehicles at designated parking points. And do daily maintenance and detailed records. After routine maintenance, the auto repair personnel shall be responsible for inspection and acceptance. If the maintenance is not in place, it will be re-maintained until it is qualified.
Routine maintenance includes beating butter, blowing the radiator and air filter, car interior and exterior hygiene, weed removal, dirt and so on. The radiator and air filter should be blown repeatedly inside and outside until blown through. The air filter should be replaced once every two weeks. The transmission shaft of the mixing box of TMR truck and the arms and pins of the loader is buttered once a day. Beat butter once a week for all vehicle drivers, steering systems and rear axles. After maintenance, the surrounding garbage must be cleaned up. Timely replacement of TMR cutting blades (replacement is based on the interval rule).
2.Regular maintenance
⑴. All vehicles must change oil and oil filters every month and record them.
⑵. Every vehicle must be cleaned once a week. If necessary, it should be cleaned immediately.
⑶. TMR weighing system must be corrected every two weeks. The antifreeze fluid and winter diesel oil must be replaced in advance before winter comes. Anti-freezing measures shall be taken for vehicles when necessary.
3. Vehicle maintenance
⑴. When a vehicle breaks down in use, it is necessary to contact the auto repair personnel in time. The vehicle that breaks down may not be used without authorization until the auto repair personnel have removed the breakdown.
⑵. Equipment repairmen must repair the faulty vehicles promptly and quickly.
4.Vehicle spare parts reserve and vehicle management record sheet
⑴. Common parts and consumables of vehicles and equipment should be stored in the warehouse for regular maintenance and use. The warehouse of vulnerable parts should be ready for routine problems and timely repair to ensure production.
⑵. The management record sheet is made by the pasture itself. The vehicle management record sheet must be able to reflect the records of vehicle management, use, maintenance, and other items.