Sulfonamide crystallization refers to the precipitation of sulfonamide in the body to form crystals. Sulfonamides are the earliest synthetic chemicals to be applied artificially. Due to their broad antibacterial spectrum, low price, stable chemical properties, and convenient use, they can be used either by injection or internally. In particular, since the synthesis of high-efficiency, long-acting, and broad-spectrum sulfa drugs and synergists, the veterinary application of sulfa drugs is second only to antibiotics. But at the same time, it has the disadvantages of large dosage, many adverse reactions, and susceptibility of bacteria to drug resistance. If it is used improperly, many problems will occur, so it should be used correctly.

From acetanilide by chlorosulfonation, amination, hydrolysis, and neutralization. Raw material consumption quota: acetanilide (99%) 1032kg / t, chlorosulfonic acid (96%) 4521kg / t, liquid ammonia (99.8%) 535kg / t, liquid alkali (30%) 863kg / t.

Streptococcus infection. In 1935, sulfa drugs were formally used in the clinic. It has the advantages of wide antibacterial spectrum, stable properties, wide distribution in the body, no need for grain as raw material for manufacturing, large output, many varieties, low price, easy use, sufficient supply and so on. Although there are many effective antibiotics at present, sulfa drugs still have important value in controlling various bacterial infection diseases, especially in treating acute urinary system infection. Sulfonamides are prone to drug resistance. The metabolite in the liver, acetylated sulfonamide, has low solubility, and it is easy to precipitate crystals in the urine, causing renal toxicity. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the dosage and time when taking the drug. Sodium and drink plenty of water.

Can inhibit bacterial dihydrofolate synthase, hinder bacterial folate synthesis, and inhibit bacterial growth and reproduction. It has antibacterial effect on hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, gonococcus, staphylococcus, meningococcus, E. coli and dysentery.
1. Occasionally hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, granulocytopenia, and allergic purpura, exfoliative dermatitis can occur in severe cases.
2. Have nausea, vomiting, dizziness, rash, fever, etc.

Difficult to absorb sulfa drugs rarely cause adverse reactions. The incidence of easily absorbed adverse reactions accounts for about 5%.

Kidney damage. Due to the low solubility of acetylated sulfonamide, especially when the urine is acidic, crystals are easily precipitated in the renal tubules, causing symptoms such as hematuria, dysuria, and urination. To prevent this toxic reaction, the following measures can be taken to prevent: adding bicarbonate or citrate to alkalinize urine and increase the solubility of the excretion; drinking a lot of water to increase the amount of urine can also reduce the Concentration; the elderly and those with renal dysfunction should be used with caution.

Impact of the hematopoietic system. Sulfa drugs can inhibit bone marrow leukocyte formation and cause leukopenia. Occasionally, agranulocytosis can be recovered after drug withdrawal. Hematology should be checked for long-term application of sulfa drugs. It can cause hemolytic anemia for those who are congenitally lacking 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase. Sulfa drugs can enter the fetal circulation through the mother's body, competing with free bilirubin for plasma protein binding sites, increasing the concentration of free bilirubin and causing nuclear jaundice. Not suitable for pregnant women, newborns, especially premature babies.

Central nervous system and gastrointestinal reactions. Mostly due to the sufficient amount of sulfa.

Allergic reactions. The most common are rashes and fevers. It usually occurs 5 to 9 days after medication, and is more common in children. There is cross-allergy between sulfa drugs, so it is not safe to switch to another sulfa drug when the patient is allergic to one sulfa drug. Once an allergic reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued immediately. Long-acting sulfa drugs are very dangerous because they have a high binding rate to plasma proteins and there are drugs in the blood for several days after the drug is discontinued.

In 1937, Harold Wotkins, the chief pharmacist of a company in the United States, used diethylene glycol instead of alcohol as a solvent to make it easy to take for children. Animal experiments were all put on the market after the launch of Massengill Pharmaceuticals in Tennessee, USA, for the treatment of infectious diseases. US law at the time allowed new drugs to enter the market without clinical trials. Between September and October of this year, some places in the southern United States began to see a large increase in patients with renal failure. A total of 358 patients were found and 107 died (most of them children), becoming the most influential medicine in the last century. Harm event. The "Sulfa liniment Incident" in 1937 prompted the US Congress to pass the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA, 1938), which had a significant impact on Western medicine.

After a long period of high selection, some highly toxic sulfa drugs have gradually been eliminated. Although many bacteria have developed resistance to sulfa drugs, sulfa drugs are cheap, easy to use, and do not produce intestinal tracts often caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics The flora is imbalanced, so sulfa-sensitive bacteria are still mainly treated with sulfa drugs, and their titers are comparable to or higher than antibiotics.
The Sulfanilamide Rapid Test (tissue) kit provided by BALLYA can effectively detect sulfanilamide residues in agricultural products. This kit is not only simple to operate, but also has a short test time and high accuracy, and the test results comply with EU standards. Can effectively ensure the safety of agricultural products.

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