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In recent years, with the improvement of people's quality of life, food safety issues have become more and more concerned by consumers, and antibiotic abuse and residue issues have gradually come into the public eye. The use of antibiotics in the aquaculture industry has a long history. As a key factor restricting food safety issues, how can we deal with and solve these problems?
China is a big country in the use of antibiotics and a big country in the production of antibiotics: it produces about 210,000 tons of antibiotic raw materials annually, exports 30,000 tons to the world, and reserves the remaining 180,000 tons for its own use (including medical and agricultural use). Nearly half of antibiotics are used in livestock and Poultry farming. Due to a variety of reasons such as high breeding density, the complexity and diversity of livestock and poultry diseases, and poor supervision, there are widespread problems such as excessive use and even abuse of antibiotics.
Livestock and poultry farms consume a large number of antibiotics, most of which enter human bodies through animal and animal excreta, which reveals an important source of antibiotic pollution in China. In addition to using antibiotic-containing feeds, farmers will also add antibiotics by injection, gavage and other methods. For livestock and poultry farms, antibiotics account for 70% to 80% of total drug expenditure. Therefore, the cost ratio of antibiotics at home is much higher than abroad.
Antibiotic residues refer to the drug prototypes, metabolites, and drug impurities that are accumulated or stored in animal cells, tissues, or organs after antibiotics are used by animals. Because antibiotics have the functions of preventing disease, treating diseases, promoting animal growth, and improving feed conversion efficiency, As a feed additive, it plays an important role in livestock breeding.
However, in the production of animal husbandry, excessive dependence and abuse of antibiotics cause antibiotic residues and bring many harms. These residual antibiotics cannot be completely resolved in the animal body, resulting in antibiotic residues in livestock products. Gather the human body through the diet and cause various chronic toxic and side effects of the human body. Put human beings into a situation of "no cure".
In principle, antibiotics can inhibit or kill pathogenic microorganisms in animals, reducing the incidence of disease; in the case of poor sanitary conditions in the breeding site, the balance of intestinal microorganisms can be maintained in animals; antibiotics can make the small intestine Lighter weight, thinner intestinal wall, longer intestinal villi, and improved nutrient absorption rate; can reduce diarrhea in young animals, especially reduce the incidence of diarrhea in young animals without colostrum and promote their growth. Objectively speaking, feed antibiotics have made undeniable contributions to the rapid development of modern livestock and poultry industry.
However, with the development of society, people have realized that the large amount of antibiotics used in livestock and poultry is not just that it was thought that the animals could grow quickly in the "short-term". Improper use will also cause the immunity of livestock and poultry to decline, which may eventually lead to a large number of deaths . The reason is that antibiotics will kill beneficial bacteria in the body at the same time as killing pathogenic bacteria. Long-term and large-scale use of antibiotics will cause the intestinal flora of the organism to become imbalanced, allowing latent harmful bacteria to multiply in large numbers, thereby causing endogenous infections.
On the other hand, antibiotics will kill sensitive bacteria in the organism, providing opportunities for external drug-resistant bacteria to enter, causing secondary and frequent diseases of livestock and poultry. Finally, when antibiotics left in the animal's body enter the ecological environment through excreta, it will increase the resistance of bacteria, which in turn will harm animals and humans. Under the test of the global environment, how to find a substitute product for antibiotics has become the most urgent problem for China's aquaculture industry.
Adulteration milk, mainly by water, rice soup, starch, sodium carbonate and other methods. The most commonly used is water. Rice soup or starch is a method of changing water, which can conceal the thinness of water, and starch can make the milk whiter. The purpose of doping with sodium carbonate is to reduce the acidity of mildly rancid milk, which is not suitable for detection. Here are some simple methods to identify adulterated milk: Milk with water: You can slowly pour the milk into a bowl and watch the process of pouring. The milk with water has a thin feeling, and the milk flows over the edge of the bowl. Some of them have watery marks, and the milk is not as white as normal. It takes longer to boil when it is boiled, and the flavor is lighter when it is boiled. Milk mixed with rice soup: Pour the milk into a bowl, forming droplets on the wall of the bowl, and the droplets have a high bulge; when the bowl is shaken, the milk is not easy to flow; when boiling, it is easy to paste the pan, and the flavor is lighter after boiling. The best test method is to take a small amount of milk, add two or three drops of iodine, and shake well. If blue or purple appears, it means that it is mixed with rice soup. Starch-mixed milk: Pour the milk into a bowl. The milk does not flow easily, and it is easy to paste when boiling. It can also be tested by adding iodine. If blue or purple appears, it indicates that it is mixed with starch. Sodium carbonate-producing milk: The texture is uneven when viewed with the naked eye, and it will feel slightly bitter when tasted with the mouth.