Yuav Ua Li Cas Siv Tshuaj Ntsuas Ntsuas Ntsuas Zib Ntab Hauv Tsev?

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Zib ntab yog dab tsi?
Hom kab mob ntawm muv
Kev txwv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv ntau lub tebchaws
Kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv
Yuav ua li cas rau ib tug zib mu xeem
Yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv cov seem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm zib mu?

Koj puas txhawj xeeb tias zib ntab koj yuav ntawm tus nqi siab muaj tshuaj tua kab mob? Kuv yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas kuaj seb ib lub raj mis zib ntab muaj tshuaj tua kab mob thiab yuav ua li cas a zib ntab xeem.

Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv kev ua neej nyob ib puag ncig, tib neeg txoj kev xav tau maj mam hloov mus rau kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab zaub mov kev ruaj ntseg. Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom noj ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau maj mam nyiam tib neeg cov kev xav hauv xyoo tas los no. Thaum tib neeg tab tom nrhiav ntuj, additive-free, high-quality thiab ntshiab zib ntab, lawv kuj txhawj xeeb tias cov zib ntab uas tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab nrhiav nyiaj tau los ntawm qhov kev nrhiav vwm no tsis yog raws li cov qauv thiab muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dhau. Tsis tsuas yog lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev, tab sis lawv ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv.

Zib ntab yog dab tsi?

Zib ntab yog ib yam khoom qab zib khaws cia hauv lub zib ntab comb los ntawm muv sau cov nectar los ntawm nectar ntawm cov nroj tsuag paj los yog secretion ntawm lub nectar sab nraum lub paj.

Zib ntab, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm muv, yog cov kua qab zib thiab viscous, pob tshab los yog translucent kua. Zib ntab los ntawm nectar, ua raws li nectar thiab honeydew. Nectar yog lub zais ntawm cov qog necary nyob rau hauv cov paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab cov nectar yog excrement ntawm aphids, leafhoppers, thiab lwm yam Honeydew yog lub zais ntawm cov qog nyob rau hauv lub paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab muv siv lawv tus nplaig raj los nqus cov nectar. , ntoo sap, los yog cov kua qab zib ntawm aphids, thiab leafhoppers. Cov kua qab zib uas zais los ntawm lub raj mis zib ntab yog tov nrog cov qaub ncaug ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus muv thiab khaws cia rau hauv ib ntus. Tom qab rov qab mus rau lub zes, cov kua qab zib yog nchuav rau hauv cov zib ntab zuag, thiab yuav ua tiav los ntawm kev rov fermentation.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes, cov polysaccharides nyob rau hauv nectar yog decomposed rau hauv qabzib thiab fructose, thiab cov ntsiab lus dej yog txo mus txog 20%. laus zib ntab yog tsim los. Txog tam sim no, tib neeg tuaj yeem siv cov nyhuv centrifugal ntawm zib mu shaker kom tau cov zib ntab tiav lawm. Los ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog zaub mov, zib ntab yog cov khoom noj uas cog qoob loo. Lub cev lub cev ntawm zib mu: ntshiab, zoo, tshiab thiab paub tab zib ntab yog cov kua nplaum, pob tshab los yog cov kua nplaum gelatinous, qab zib, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw zoo, thaum cov zib ntab qis feem ntau muaj iab, astringent, los yog qaub saj. Thaum qhov ntsuas kub qis dua 10 ℃ lossis lub sijhawm cia ntev, nws yooj yim rau crystallize ntawm cov degrees sib txawv. Ntau hom nectar qhov chaw, txawv lub cev muaj zog.

Hom kab mob ntawm muv

Ua ntej, kuv yuav tsis lees paub qhov tsis to taub: qhov tseeb yog tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsuas yog siv tau los tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob viral thiab fungal. Ntxiv mus, cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov tshuaj uas txwv tsis pub muaj nyob hauv zib ntab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no yeej tsis tso cai siv rau hauv muv.

Cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob:
American larval foul kab mob (ntau nyob rau hauv Italian muv), European larval foul kab mob (ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv Suav muv). Qee tus beekeepers nyiam ua rau cov kab mob putrid nrog cov kab mob cystic larval, uas tuaj yeem ua tau txawv ntawm tus ntxhiab. Kab mob kab mob feem ntau muaj ntxhiab tsw!

Cov kab mob fungal:
Kab mob Chalk, kab mob Aspergillus flavus.

Tus kab mob kis:
Kab mob cystic larval, mob tuag tes tuag taw, mob tuag tes tuag taw.

Hom kab mob protozoan:
Martensite amoeba, microsporidiosis, crawling muv syndrome.

Kev txwv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv ntau lub tebchaws

Tsis yog txhua yam tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem siv tau tom qab muv mob, thiab hom tshuaj tua kab mob yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muag zib mu. Yog tias xa tawm mus rau EU, cov tshuaj uas tau tso cai siv tab sis muaj kev txwv:

Antibacterial tshuaj: sulfonamides, B-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob (penicillins, cephalosporins), tetracyclines, macrolides (erythromycin tshuaj), streptomycin

Lwm cov tshuaj veterinary: carbamates, pyrethroids, tshuaj anticoccidial.

Nyiv tso cai siv chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, thiab tetracycline los kho cov kab mob muv kab mob.

Kev siv cov chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, thiab tshuaj tua kab yog txwv tsis pub nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Thaum cov tshuaj no pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom muv, cov khoom raug txiav txim tam sim ntawd raws li qhov tsis tsim nyog thiab lawv yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem tam sim ntawd. Yog li ntawd, kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam muv thiab kev siv tshuaj muaj kev sib raug zoo.

Kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv

Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cog cov muv, peb tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov muv kom tsis txhob mob. Thiab qee tus beekeepers nyiam siv tshuaj tua kab mob vim tsis paub txog kev kho kab mob. Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob tsis raug yuav ua rau muaj kab mob sib kis, uas yuav ua rau zib ntab muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.

Tsuas yog los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj kom raug thiaj li zam tau cov seem ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov khoom muv. Yog li ntawd, thiaj li yuav siv tau cov tshuaj rationally, kuv xav kom koj xyuam xim rau cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

1. Ua raws li cov lus qhia nruj me ntsis

Thaum xaiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, kev kuaj mob, cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms thiab lawv rhiab heev rau cov tshuaj yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab, thiab raws li qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsos mob, cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms thiab muaj kev kho mob zoo dua thiab tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. yuav tsum xaiv. Piv txwv li, siv kanamycin thiab gentamicin yuav zoo dua li penicillin thaum nws los txog rau muv paratyphoid fever thiab sepsis.

2. Saib xyuas cov muv colony teb

Ua tib zoo mloog cov muv colony cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum noj tshuaj. Yog tias cov tsos mob zoo dua, txuas ntxiv siv cov tshuaj; yog tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob phem heev, koj yuav tsum hloov mus rau lwm cov tshuaj tua kab mob; Yog tias qhov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo, koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm hauv qab no thiab txhim kho txoj kev npaj kho mob raws sijhawm:

(1) Kev xaiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis raug? Tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab mob pathogenic? Lwm cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo yuav tsum tau hloov lub sijhawm no.

(2) Kev noj tshuaj tsis txaus lossis kev tswj hwm tshuaj tsis raug: nce koob lossis hloov kev tswj hwm lub sijhawm no.

(3) Muaj qhov yuam kev hauv kev kuaj mob, uas yog, tus kab mob tsis yog los ntawm cov kab mob, tab sis tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob, protozoa, thiab lwm yam, yog li cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis zoo.

3. Tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv

Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog:

1. Ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob;
2. Qhov ntau npaum li cas yuav tsum txaus thiab cov chav kawm ntawm kev kho mob yuav tsum tsim nyog thiaj li tswj tau cov kab mob uas muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob;
3. Thaum tsim nyog, kev siv tshuaj ua ke tuaj yeem siv tau. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tswj kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev sib txuas sib txawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem hauv qab no kuj yuav tsum tau sau tseg:

1. Cov kab mob uas tsis tau piav qhia thiab kab mob kis tsis haum rau kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm random;
2. Kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis, thiab kev siv tshuaj ntev ntev yuav tsum zam kom ntau li ntau tau;
3. Kev tua kab mob txhua lub sijhawm thiab cov kab mob kis tau zoo ntawm cov chaw muaj kab mob thiab cov muv iav kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj cov kab mob sib kis ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob;
4. Rau kev kho mob ntawm qee yam kab mob, nws tsis pom zoo kom siv ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab koj yuav tsum pauv nws raws li kev npaj.

4. Kev ntsuas kev kho mob

Feem ntau cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, uas tsim qee yam kev mob rau lub cev los rhuav tshem cov kab mob. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig kev kho mob zoo dua, kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob yog xav tau, thiab lub sijhawm no, kev kho mob yuav tsum tau ua raws li qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob, xws li kev txhim kho kev tswj hwm kev noj zaub mov, txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm nws tus kheej, ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tswj kev sib kis ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob.

5. Kev sib xyaw tshuaj

Txawm hais tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv (cov nyhuv yog qhov sib npaug ntawm ob cov tshuaj) los yog cov nyhuv synergistic (cov nyhuv zoo dua li cov nyhuv additive), tab sis qee zaum nws kuj tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam lossis ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntxiv. Yog li, yuav tsum muaj cov tsos mob hauv qab no meej meej:

1. Kev kis mob hnyav hauv qhov mob hnyav (xws li mob tsis paub).
2. Cov kab mob sib xyaw uas tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
3. Cov kab mob tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tom qab noj tshuaj ntev.

6. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib txawv lossis lwm yam tshuaj yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab qhov xwm txheej no yuav tsum zam. Ua tib zoo mloog rau:

1. Cov tshuaj Tetracycline zoo tshaj yog siv ib leeg. Nws tsis tsim nyog siv nrog sodium, bicarbonate, calcium chloride, thiab lwm yam.
2. Penicillin G potassium ntsev yuav tsum tsis txhob siv ua ke nrog tetracycline, sulfa tshuaj, kanamycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, vitamin C, thiab lwm yam.
3. Cov tshuaj sulfa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke sulfa, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam tshuaj thiab yuav tsum siv ib leeg.

Yuav ua li cas rau ib tug zib mu xeem

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob kuaj tau:

Erythromycin, sulfonamide, kanamycin, clarithromycin, quinolone tshuajchloramphenicol, tetracycline, tylosin, neomycin.

Cov khoom siv kuaj:

Cov khoom siv kuaj, hexane, micropores, rehydration tov, centrifuge raj.

Auxiliary honey test khoom:

Ethyl Acetate, Tov khoom, Oscillator, Electronic Balance, Centrifuge, Organomation, Mini Pib.

Lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav:

15min

Cov Lus Cim Tshwj Xeeb:

Txoj kev ua haujlwm no siv tau rau tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab mob saum toj no.

Cov kauj ruam:

1. Nyhav 1g zib mu (qhov hnyav yuam kev yog tso cai nyob rau hauv ± 0.1g.)

2. Ntxiv 3ml dej ntshiab rau lub raj centrifuge.

3. Co rau 30 vib nas this.

4. Qhib lub thoob reagent thiab tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm microwell reagent. Tom qab tshem tawm, thov hloov lub hau.

5. Muab cov microwell reagents xav tau rau hauv qhov khoob microwell phaj khib thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv kuaj ib zaug yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 8. Yog tias cov qauv kuaj tau ntau dua 8 ib zaug, thov kuaj hauv pawg ntawm 8 hauv ib pawg.

6. Siv lub pipette los kos 200 μl ntawm cov qauv thiab txhaj rau hauv lub microwell, pipetting 5- 6 zaug ib lub qhov dej.

7. Muab tso rau ntawm chav tsev kub (20- 25 ℃) rau 3 feeb.

8. Tshem tawm cov ntawv xeem los ntawm lub thoob reagent thiab ntxig rau hauv incubated reagent, 5 feeb lub sij hawm tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog timer.

9. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau qhov tseeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsum tau nyeem hauv 2 feeb, kev txhais tsis raug ntawm lwm lub sijhawm.

Kev txhais cov ntsiab lus:

Tsis zoo: kab T, C muaj tib xim lossis kab T muaj zog dua C
Zoo: tsuas yog kab C tshwm los yog kab T tsis tshua muaj xim
Tsis yog: kab C tsis tshwm

Cov duab piv txwv

Yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv cov seem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm zib mu?

1. tsa ib tug muaj zog colony. Vim tias thaum cov muv muaj zog, lub peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob yog txhim kho. Kev noj qab haus huv colony tsis tas yuav tsum tau noj nrog tshuaj, yog li txo cov pa phem ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau zib mu;
2. Xaiv cov hom kev txhim kho thiab yug tsiaj muv uas muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob;
3. Thaum nws yuav tsum tau siv tshuaj, nws yuav tsum tau siv thaum lub sij hawm tsis yog zib mu. Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob yog txwv nruj thaum lub sij hawm sau nectar;
4. Siv cov tshuaj "mite puff" los kho mites, thiab txiav txim siab txwv tsis pub dej-soluble tshuaj los kho mites;
5. Txhawb kev siv cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab los tiv thaiv kab mob muv, thiaj li txo cov kuab paug ntawm zib mu;
6. Txiav cov tshuaj sib npaug thiab sib tov nrog paj ntoos los pub muv. Ntawm ib sab tes, larvae thiab cov neeg laus muv yuav tsum tau noj cov paj ntoos kom tau txais cov tshuaj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov paj ntoos uas muaj tshuaj ntau dhau nkag mus rau hauv chav hmoov thiab yuav tsis ua rau cov zib ntab.

xaus 

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm muv yug me nyuam, muv yuav inevitably raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov kab mob rau ib tug los yog lwm yam. Yuav kom txo qis nyiaj txiag poob, beekeepers yuav xaiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau kev kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee cov qauv rau txoj kev siv thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab cov tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob siv random. Kuv xav kom koj ua zib ntab kuaj tsis tu ncua li zib ntab xeem tuaj yeem saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab mob seem hauv zib ntab zoo dua.

References

• Zib ntab: YUAV UA LI CAS
• Honey thiab Health: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsis ntev los no