1. Dab tsi yog qhov qub tus me nyuam?
Kev yug menyuam yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cev xeeb tub. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, ib lossis ntau qhov calves tau tsim los ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm lub cev, tab sis nws tsis tsim kev phom sij rau nyuj lossis nyuj. Nws hu ua kev xa khoom ib txwm. Muaj ob yam tseem ceeb los ntsuas, ib qho yog qhov muaj sia nyob ntawm cov nyuj, lwm qhov yog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nyuj, uas feem ntau suav nrog cov yam tsis zoo rau kev kawm ua me nyuam thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab lwm yam kab mob.
Qhov tseeb, kom ua tiav kev yug menyuam, nyuj nyuj yuav tsum pib npaj, xws li qhov siab tsim nyog, lub cev nqaij daim tawv, qhov hnyav ntawm cov nyuj thaum calving. Ntawm qhov tod tes, rau cov tub ntxhais hluas nyuj, nws yog qhov tsim nyog xaiv cov phev tsim nyog, xws li phev nrog cov ntaub ntawv sim, uas tuaj yeem pab txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom zoo. Yog tias tus nyuj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm pom tau hais tias yav dhau los qhov kev faib me me ntawm cov nyom nyuaj tau tsawg dua 10%, cov nyom yuav xaiv cov phev zoo li no.
2. Dab tsi yog the zoo tshaj plaws feem ntawm ib txwm ntuj tus me nyuam?
Nws yuav tsum yog 100% kev xa khoom uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Txawm hais tias nws nyuaj rau ua tiav, nws tseem yuav tsum tau tswj hwm hauv qee qhov ntau thiab feem. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 122 714 tus nyuj nyuj (Dematawewaandberger, 1997), 71.88% ntawm cov nyuj yug los thawj zaug tsis xav tau kev yug menyuam, 87.46% ntawm cov nyuj yug thib ob, 88.02% ntawm cov nyuj yug thib peb thiab saum toj no, thiab 78.51 % ntawm tag nrho. Yog li cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov tsiaj yug tsiaj thiab qib kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv.
3. Tsom ntsoov rau pab pawg pub mis rau tswj lub cev qhov qhab nia
Kev tswj tau zoo ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj qhuav yuav tsum muaj tus lej lub cev. 3.25-3.75 cov ntsiab lus yog qhov tsim nyog. Kev tswj hwm qhov hnyav yug menyuam nyuj ntawm 35-38 kg tuaj yeem ua rau tus nqi xa khoom ntau dua 70%. Tswj kev rog thiab noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov nyuj thaum cev xeeb tub lig yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tswj lub cev hnyav ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab, vim tias ob feem peb ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab yog kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nyuj thaum cev xeeb tub lig, thiab kev rog menyuam hauv plab yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam teeb meem, uas yog qhov tsis ntseeg.
4. Txhim kho meej mkev xav
Kev tswj xyuas txhua yam ntsuas tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej, xws li lub zog, kev pub zaub mov, protein, kab kawm, cov zaub mov thiab lwm yam, suav nrog thaum yug menyuam thiab theem mis nyuj qhuav pab pawg neeg ntom ntom thiab chaw pub mis zoo. Tshwj xeeb, peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom txo qis cov menyuam ua ntej yug menyuam. Qhov zoo tshaj, peb yuav tsum nkag mus rau pab pawg me nyuam hauv plab peb lub lis piam ua ntej hnub yuav khoom xa tuaj thiab mob siab rau kev nplij siab ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj. Xws li lub txaj, kub, av noo, lub teeb, kis las kis las thiab lwm yam. Thaum nyuj nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm, lawv raug xa mus rau chav xa khoom rau kev tsim khoom, uas yog, lawv raug xa mus rau lub tsev yug menyuam yug menyuam tsis pub dhau 20 - 15 hnub txij li hnub xa khoom, thiab tom qab ntawd pauv mus rau lub chaw muag khoom rau calving ntawm qhov tsim nyog sij hawm Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, 24 teev ua ntej calving, nyuj yuav tsum tau pauv mus rau lub tsev pheeb suab, tab sis qhov no nyuaj rau ua tiav.
Hauv kev xyaum, nws yooj yim ntxiv dag zog rau cov lej, xws li saib qhov txawv txav txhua 30 feeb mus rau 1 teev, thaum pib ntawm theem thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm (lub sijhawm tso menyuam nyuj) thaum tus nyuj nkag rau hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Thaum tus nyuj pauv mus rau lub txaj xa menyuam, nws yuav tsum npog lub txaj hauv av nrog txaj tsawg dua thiab hloov pauv ntau zaus, thiab txuas hnub nyoog lub txaj tshiab tsawg kawg ib zaug ib hnub tom qab txhua tus hlais, thiab tua lub cev tom qab ntawm tus nyuj tib lub sijhawm .
5. Rtau noj ntawm kev nce qib hauv tus txheej txheem xa khoom
Txog tus txheej txheem xa khoom, nws feem ntau tuaj yeem faib ua peb theem. Thawj theem yog kev so ntawm cov kwj dej yug menyuam, feem ntau kav ntev li 6 txog 8 teev. Theem thib ob yog kev tso menyuam nyuj, mus rau theem thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm, pib tuaj yeem pom tias lub hnab allantoic tau tawg, lub amniotic sac raug nthuav tawm ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm qhov paum, amniotic sac tawg, lub plab hlaub yuav nthuav tawm ob hoofs, tom qab ntawd tus menyuam nyuj yuav nthuav tawm. Nyuj tau nkag mus rau hauv cov kwj dej yug menyuam hauv lub tsev menyuam nyuj los npaj rau kev tso tawm tom ntej, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov heev ntawm cov nyuj. Yog tias nyuj sawv los tsim cov nyuj, nws yuav poob 30% ntawm nws qhov kev thab plaub thiab kev ua haujlwm tau zoo. Yog li, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txo qis kev siv phau ntawv tsis tseem ceeb los cuam tshuam rau cov nyuj dag ntawm lawv lub plab. Theem thib peb yog lub sijhawm tso tawm ntawm tus menyuam, feem ntau, 6 - 8 teev tom qab yug menyuam, yog tias ntau dua 12 teev tuaj yeem tsis yog rau tus menyuam, yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm raws sijhawm.
6. Thaum twg yuav yug menyuam yug menyuam
Thawj qhov xwm txheej yog qhov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntev dhau, ntau dua 6 - 8 teev, nyuj tsis yooj yim, txhawj xeeb, thiab muaj cov tsos mob ua haujlwm, tab sis tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab. Torsion ntawm lub tsev menyuam, qhib lub ncauj tsev menyuam tsis tiav, tseem yug menyuam, tuaj yeem ua rau qhov xwm txheej zoo li no.
Qhov xwm txheej thib ob yog tias tom qab soj ntsuam ntawm allantoic sac thiab ob qho hneev taw hauv qhov chaw mos, cov menyuam tsis tawm hauv 2 teev lossis tsis tso tawm hauv 1 teev tom qab tawg ntawm amniotic vesicles, yog li nws yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas.
Qhov xwm txheej thib peb yog qhov uas peb tuaj yeem pom tus nyuj nquag nyob rau hauv kev thab plaub thaum xub thawj, tsum tsis txhob ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov tam sim ntawd, lossis tseem tso tseg ntau tshaj li ib nrab teev, uas tseem yog qhov ceeb toom uas peb yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas sai li sai tau. Lwm yam xwm txheej yog qhov me me ntawm cev xeeb tub tsis txawv txav, xws li txoj haujlwm ntawm cev xeeb tub tsis txawv txav thiab qhov chaw hauv plab me me xws li lub caj dab qis qis, lub taub hau rov qab khoov, thiab lwm yam. Ib qho ntxiv, tus nplaig o ntawm tus menyuam mos liab nthuav tawm sab nraud ntawm lub paum, uas ua rau peb nco tias peb yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas.
7. Kev tua kab mob Midwifery yuav tsum ua raws li tib neeg tus qauv
Kev yug menyuam hauv plab, rau qhov loj tshaj rau xyuas kom huv, lub tsev ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo dua. Ua ntej, npaj cov dej huv los ntxuav thiab ntxiv neogeramine, Lysol, tshem tawm mus rau tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab ntxuav cov cuab yeej siv cev xeeb tub, txoj hlua yug, caj npab, thiab nyuj lub paum. Tom qab ntxuav thiab tua kab mob, yog tias cov nyuj nyob hauv qhov khaus khaus heev rau cov quav los yog cov khoom qias neeg, lawv yuav tsum tau rov ntxuav dua thiab tua kab mob. Tom qab txhua qhov siv cov cuab yeej pab yug menyuam xws li txoj hlab ntshav los yog hlua hlua hauv plab, yuav tsum tau muab tshuaj tua kab mob kom huv si. Tus txheej txheem ntsuas ntawm nyuj tua lub qhov txhab: 1 lub ntsiab lus yog thaj chaw huv huv, tsawg dua 2% ntawm thaj chaw muaj kab mob sib kis; 2 lub ntsiab lus yog cov pa phem tsawg, tsawg dua 10% ntawm thaj chaw muaj kab mob sib kis; 3 lub ntsiab lus yog cov pa phem nruab nrab, kwv yees li 10% - 30% ntawm thaj chaw muaj kab mob sib kis. Nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm thaj chaw muaj kuab paug nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw mos thaum lub sijhawm yug menyuam, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev mob hauv tsev menyuam tau nce los ntawm 1 txog 3 cov ntsiab lus.
8. Qhov ua kom huv ntawm lub tsev menyuam mob
Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm cov qhab nia, kev faib ua feem ntawm kev mob hauv tsev menyuam tau nce ntxiv. Qhov tshwm sim siab ntawm qhov mob ntawm lub tsev menyuam tuaj lig tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau seb qhov kev huv ntawm kev yug menyuam puas tsim nyog. Nyuj lub cev tsis muaj zog tom qab yug me nyuam yog qib qis tshaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Tib lub sijhawm, tus nyuj txoj kev ua me nyuam zoo li lub qhov txhab loj tom qab phais tas. Piv txwv li, tus nyuj ko taw tau kis cov quav, thiab tus nyuj raug xa mus. Yog tsis muaj tes ntxuav, lub tsev menyuam lossis cov cuab yeej tsis muaj menyuam, muaj kab mob tshiab tau qhia.
9. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm midwifery trawm pyim
(1) Puas yog kev nthuav dav ntawm cov kwj dej yug menyuam xav tau sijhawm ntxiv rau kev qhib lub qhov dej yug?
(2) Siv cov roj nplua nyeem ntau, zoo dua.
(3) homeopathic traction; thaum tus nyuj yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws kev siv zog, nws tseem yuav tsum koom tes nrog tib neeg thiab sab nraud lub zog kom txav mus los.
(4) Thaum siv cov cuab yeej pab yug menyuam, peb yuav tsum zam kev ua phem ua qias zov menyuam kom deb li deb tau. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob maj nrawm thiab ua tib zoo mloog cov lus ntawm kev yug menyuam. Thaum lub caij yug menyuam, tus nyuj nws tus kheej tuaj yeem muab kwv yees li 75 kg ntawm lub plab hlaub. Thaum peb siv phau ntawv traction, thawj tus neeg yuav nce qhov nrawm los ntawm 75 kg, thiab txhua tus neeg ntxiv yuav nce qhov nrawm los ntawm 50 kg. Qhov hnyav 75 kg muab los ntawm tus nyuj nws tus kheej yog txaus rau lub plab hlaub. Thaum peb ntawm peb tab tom rub tib lub sijhawm, ntxiv 175 kg tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov nyuj uas tsis tau npaj txhij rau kev xa khoom txhua. Txawm hais tias nws yog tib neeg lossis khoom siv sab nraud, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lub zog. Yog tus nyuj yog tus kws yug menyuam thaum sawv, nws yuav tsum tau ua raws tus menyuam nyuj kom tsis txhob poob rau hauv av, tawg lossis txawm tuag. Dhau li, thaum siv cov kws pab yug menyuam txoj hlua thiab saw rub, yuav ua li cas khi lub pob cyuam thiab yuav ua li cas los khi kom ntseeg tau tias qhov sib xws thiab ruaj khov ntawm lub zog yuav tsum tau sau tseg.
Yuav ua li cas txhawm rau txhim kho kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov nyuj?
Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj nyuj, nyuj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev loj hlob nyuj thiab kev loj hlob. Kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov nyuj muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm nyuj. Yuav ua li cas ntxiv dag zog rau lub plab hlaub kev tswj kev pub mis yog kev ua haujlwm siab heev. Raws li qhov no, peb piav qhia luv luv cov kev ntsuas txhawm rau txhim kho kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm cov nyuj, suav nrog kev tswj kev noj mis nyuj thaum cev xeeb tub lig, kev saib xyuas menyuam mos liab yug menyuam, kev tswj kev noj cov nyuj thaum lub sijhawm pub niam mis thiab kev tiv thaiv thiab kho mob ntawm kab mob ntawm tus menyuam, los muab kev qhia siv rau kev txhim kho kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov nyuj.
1. Ntxiv dag zog rau fnoj mkev koom tes ntawm ptseem tshuav cnws in lnoj slub sijhawm
Nyuj cev xeeb tub lig yog lub sijhawm yug menyuam, uas hais txog lub sijhawm ntawm ib hlis ua ntej thiab tom qab yug menyuam. Cov theem no tsis yog tsuas yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb rau kev yug nyuj thiab lactation tab sis kuj yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau lub plab yug menyuam hnyav, txiav tawm qhov hnyav thiab kev loj hlob thiab kev txhim kho. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ntxiv dag zog rau kev yug menyuam hauv plab ntawm cov nyuj cev xeeb tub kom ntseeg tau tias kev noj haus ntawm nyuj muaj cov protein txaus, calcium, phosphorus, thiab vitamins. Nws tuaj yeem muab cov nyuj nrog cov quav nyab zoo thiab nyom, cov zaub cog, cov zaub ntsuab, thiab cov nyom. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau nyuj tau txais kev noj zaub mov txaus, loj hlob ib txwm muaj thiab zam kev rickets, mob ntsws, thiab mob plab mus rau qhov loj tshaj.
2. Ntxiv dag zog rau kev tu menyuam mos liab
Tom qab yug me nyuam, cov hnoos qeev hauv qhov ntswg thiab qhov ncauj ntawm cov menyuam mos yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm kom raws sijhawm kom pab tau lawv ua pa thiab nqus tau. Yog tias cov menyuam nqus tau cov hnoos qeev thiab ua rau lawv pseudo-tuag, ob sab caj npab ntawm tus menyuam tuaj yeem nqa thiab nchuav tawm ntawm caj pas amniotic kua, thiab cov hnoos qeev hauv lub qhov ntswg thiab lub qhov ncauj tuaj yeem tshem tawm ua ntej ua tsis taus pa kom txog thaum cov menyuam ua pa nqus tau. Yog tias txoj hlab ntaws ntawm cov menyuam mos tsis tau rub ib txwm, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau txiav tawm txoj hlab ntaws dag. Tom qab txiav txoj hlab ntaws, so lawv cov plaub hau kom sai li sai tau kom tiv thaiv cov menyuam kom tsis txhob txias. Vim tias cov menyuam mos tseem tsis tau tsim lawv lub cev thiab lub cev ua haujlwm, thiab tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau ib puag ncig sab nraud, lawv muaj kev phom sij heev rau kab mob thiab kev tuag tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob, yog li ntawd, kom ntseeg tau tias kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov menyuam nyuj thiab txhim kho lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv, nyuj yuav tsum tso cai tuag. Noj colostrum raws sijhawm.
3. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev noj zaub mov thiab kev tswj hwm cov menyuam thaum lub sijhawm pub niam mis
(1) Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev pub mis nyuj rau cov tsiaj tom qab 2 lub lis piam yug yog kom cov mis ntws mus rau hauv plab tseeb. Kev pub mis nyuj nrog cov mis nyuj feem ntau ua rau tsis txaus kaw ntawm txoj hlab pas thiab cov mis tawm mus rau hauv hav zoov, thaum lub luag haujlwm ntawm hav zoov hav zoov ntawm cov menyuam nyuj tseem tsis tau tsim tau zoo, uas yooj yim ua rau lub cev tsis haum thiab nyob rau qhov xwm txheej loj ua rau nyuj tuag. Nws tau hais qhia tias yuav tsum tau pub mis nyuj rau hauv cov mis nyuj 4 txog 5 lub lis piam tom qab yug los, thiab yuav tsum siv cov phuam so so los so cov mis los ntawm tus menyuam lub raj mis lub sijhawm kom tiv thaiv menyuam mos los ntawm kev licking lawv txoj hlab ntaws thiab papillae, kom tsis txhob tshwm sim muaj peev xwm thiab papillitis.
(2) Cov mis ib txwm tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev cog qoob loo rau cov protein, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm VC thiab hlau tsawg thiab nws lub zog tsis txaus, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev cog qoob loo thiab kev txhim kho. Yog li ntawd, kev tswj hwm kev pub mis ntxiv yuav tsum tau ntxiv dag zog thaum pub mis ib txwm muaj, thiab yuav tsum tau pub tsob ntoo kom tsim nyog. Cov quav nyab zoo tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv qhov pub mis ib lub lim tiam tom qab yug menyuam nyuj rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Kev pub mis thiab ntxiv kev mloog zoo tom qab 2 lub lis piam tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog ntxiv dag zog rau kev zom zaub mov hauv plab, txhim kho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov zom zaub mov ntawm cov menyuam mus rau roughage thiab mloog zoo, tab sis kuj txhawb lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev txhim kho, tso lub hauv paus zoo rau thaum ntxov weaning. Feem ntau soj ntsuam lub xeev kev xav, qab los noj mov, quav thiab lwm yam mob ntawm cov menyuam mos, yog tias muaj cov quav me me, tsim nyog txo qhov ntim ntawm kev pub mis thiab ntxiv 1-2 zaug dej sov sov hauv mis.
(3) Thaum cov menyuam yaus pub zaub rau tsob ntoo, nws zam tsis tau tias muaj ntau yam kab mob nkag rau hauv lub cev. Thaum cov kab mob parasites no loj tuaj thiab loj hlob mus rau qee tus lej, lawv yuav tsim cov tshuaj lom ntau ntawm cov kab mob thiab nqus cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nyuj, uas yuav ua rau cov metabolism tsis zoo ntawm cov nyuj thiab cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov menyuam tsis tu ncua thiab siv cov tshuaj tua kab dav dav nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua.
(4) Txhawm rau txuag tus nqi ntawm kev yug menyuam nyuj, feem ntau cov menyuam yug menyuam nyob rau 60 hnub, thiab kev txiav menyuam ntxov tuaj yeem nce mus txog 30-45 hnub.
Los xyuas kom meej dej txaus, weaned calves tseem tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam cov kua zaub, uas yog txuas ntxiv ntawm kev xav thiab kev pub niam mis.
Cov menyuam mos liab thaum ntxov tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau tom qab txawm hais tias muaj kev loj hlob qeeb qeeb txij thaum yug los txog rau 6 lub hlis.