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Immunoglobulin (Ig) yog hais txog globulin uas muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv (Ab) kev ua los yog cov qauv tshuaj thiab zoo ib yam li tshuaj tiv thaiv molecules. Immunoglobulin yog tetrapeptide saw qauv tsim los ntawm ob lub teeb sib xws thiab ob txoj hlua hnyav zoo tib yam txuas nrog interchain disulfide bonds.
Dab tsi yog 5 immunoglobulins? Immunoglobulins tau muab faib ua tsib pawg, uas yog immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), cov immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin D (IgD) thiab immunoglobulin E. (IgE).
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tiv thaiv kab mob, lub cev, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob molecules. Immunoglobulin yog ib chav kawm ntawm immunologically active molecules uas muaj xws li tiv thaiv cell membrane molecules, xws li antigen recognition receptors, txawv antigens, loj histocompatibility molecules, thiab ib co lwm yam receptor molecules. Nws kuj suav nrog cov molecules synthesized thiab secreted los ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog, xws li immunoglobulin molecules, ntxiv molecules, thiab cytokines. Immunoglobulin yog ib lub tswvyim nyob rau hauv cov qauv tshuaj. Lub hauv paus tshuaj ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog immunoglobulin tshuaj, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus immunoglobulins muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Immunoglobulins tuaj yeem muab faib ua tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab daim nyias nyias immunoglobulins. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm cov kua hauv lub cev thiab cov kua exocrine. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau khi antigen.
Maiv vwj immunoglobulin tshuaj yog ib qho antigen receptor rau ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm B hlwb, uas tuaj yeem paub txog cov tshuaj antigen molecules. Hauv lub cev, antibodies thiab antigens tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha cuam tshuam tom qab khi. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam exotoxins, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob los ntawm kev kis cov kab mob hauv lub hom phiaj, thiab cov IgA zais cia tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab mob adhesion rau cov tswv tsev.
Hauv vitro, agglutination thiab nag lossis daus tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khi rau cov antigen. Immunoglobulin tuaj yeem ua kom ntxiv dag zog, khi rau qhov Fc tus txais ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes, (Fc yog ib qho crystalline fragment. Hydrolyze IgG molecules nrog papain tuaj yeem tau txais ob Fab thiab ib qho Fc thooj. Cov fragment no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog effector molecules thiab effector cells, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem khi rau antigens.) thiaj li nthuav tawm cov teebmeem lom neeg sib txawv, xws li opsonization, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, thiab mediating type I hypersensitivity.
Los ntawm cov placenta thiab mucosa, IgG yog hom Ig nkaus xwb uas tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm tib neeg cov placenta. Kev hloov ntawm niam IgG rau tus me nyuam hauv plab los ntawm cov placenta yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau menyuam mos. Secreted IgA tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm mucosa ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab ua pa, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev mucosal hauv zos tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tsis zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Tuam Tshoj tam sim no tab tom ntsib teeb meem tshiab tag nrho: kev mob ntshav qab zib loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, ib ntawm kaum tus neeg laus hauv Suav teb muaj ntshav qab zib, thiab lwm 16% yog nyob rau ntawm qhov mob ntshav qab zib. Raws li qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab tshaj plaws, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntshav qab zib hauv Suav teb yuav luag ze li 11% hauv Tebchaws Meskas, dhau ntau lub tebchaws sab hnub poob xws li Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Canada.
Tam sim no, ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog kev kis kab mob, kab mob pathology, serology ntawm ntshav qab zib qhia tau hais tias qhov pib mob ntshav qab zib muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog autoimmunity, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ntawm insulin. Vim hais tias cov qauv molecular ntawm qee yam tshuaj (antigens) ntawm cov insulin-secreting B hlwb nyob rau hauv pancreatic islets zoo ib yam li cov kab mob antigens, thaum nws tus kheej tiv thaiv qis, autoantibodies yuav yuam kev rau "invader", yog li tsim kev tiv thaiv kab mob. tawm tsam nws cov islet hlwb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv tawm tsam B hlwb thiab ua rau "kev sib ntaus ntawm lawv tus kheej". Raws li qhov tshwm sim, yuav luag tag nrho cov pancreatic islet B hlwb yog "tuag", thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev zais cov tshuaj insulin raug txo qis los yog ua tsis tiav. Thaum lub cev tsis muaj cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav no txo qis cov tshuaj hormones, yuav muaj ntau yam tshwm sim ntawm cov ntshav qab zib siab.
Kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm C hauv cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem pab txo qis lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj insulin, pab txhawb kev rov qab los ntawm cov tshuaj insulin, thiab ua kom cov insulin secrete ib txwm.
Qub kev tiv thaiv tib neeg muaj cov nyhuv tiv thaiv mob qog noj ntshav, vim hais tias cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav txawv ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab muaj "cov khoom sib txawv." Tshwj xeeb, kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav txhais tau hais tias lub cev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob) kom paub txog kev hloov pauv lossis cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub cev hauv lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm lawv. Cov nyhuv no tseem hu ua "kev soj ntsuam kev tiv thaiv kab mob", uas yog sib npaug rau tib neeg lub cev cov lus ceeb toom tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub cev raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, nws qhov pib nyob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Raws li kev txheeb cais los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb, qhov tshwm sim ntawm rheumatism hauv ntiaj teb cov pej xeem ntawm ze li 6 billion yog siab li 5%. Ze li ntawm 300 lab tus tib neeg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm rheumatoid mob caj dab thiab lwm yam kab mob rheumatoid. Cov neeg mob feem ntau muaj lub raum, lub plawv, lub ntsws, lub siab, cov ntshav thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov neeg laus.
Raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, immunoglobulin tshuaj muaj pom tseeb los tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, txhim kho tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob hauv vitro, thiab tiv thaiv kub taub hau, qaug zog thiab pob qij txha o tshwm sim los ntawm cov teeb meem cuam tshuam. Yog li cov hnub nyoog nruab nrab thiab cov neeg laus tuaj yeem txaus siab rau lawv cov hnub nyoog laus hauv kev thaj yeeb.
IgG yog qhov tsuas immunoglobulin tshuaj uas tuaj yeem kis mus rau tus menyuam hauv plab los ntawm cov placenta, thiab cov kua mis yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv immunoglobulins. Tom qab tus me nyuam yug los, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kis los ntawm leej niam lub placenta thiab leej niam cov kua mis thaum lub sij hawm lactation ua rau tus me nyuam tau txais tus kab mob thawj zaug..
Feem ntau ntawm cov immunoglobulin tshuaj yuav tsum tau los ntawm tib neeg lub cev nyob ntawm seb lub synthesis ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Raws li cov menyuam yaus loj hlob txog li 15 xyoos, lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob maj mam loj hlob thiab pib mus txog qib ntawm cov neeg laus. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 22 xyoos, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj qhov ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog tshaj plaws los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob globulin. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev loj hlob ntawm lub hnub nyoog, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob pib ntsws. Tom qab muaj hnub nyoog 55 xyoos, qee lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txawm tias tag nrho degenerate, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj immunoglobulins txo qis, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv globulin hauv lub cev yuav txo qis.
Hauv vitro txhaj tshuaj gamma globulin yog ib txoj hauv kev sai thiab zoo los txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm immunodeficiency kab mob, kis kab mob siab, mob qhua pias, kab mob qhua pias, mumps, herpes zoster thiab lwm yam kab mob thiab kab mob. Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau cov kab mob endogenous xws li allergic rhinitis, eczema, myasthenia gravis, ITP, systemic erythema lupus thiab kab mob Kawasaki.
Immunoglobulin yog ib hom protein nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv tib neeg cov ntshav thiab cov kua dej hauv lub cev, tseem hu ua gamma globulin. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, ntxiv dag zog rau phagocytosis ntawm cov hlwb, thiab tuaj yeem tua lossis yaj cov kab mob pathogenic nyob rau hauv kev koom tes ntawm kev sib ntxiv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tiv thaiv kab mob.
Cov tshuaj immunoglobulins tuaj yeem muab faib ua tsib hom, xws li IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, thiab IgE. Tus nqi ib txwm sib txawv vim qhov sib txawv, hnub nyoog, cheeb tsam, thiab txoj hauv kev. Ntau yam immunoglobulins tsis tsuas yog txawv ntawm qhov ntau, tab sis kuj muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv hauv kev ua haujlwm:
Feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj cov kab mob tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob muaj rau IgG. Nws yog tib qho immunoglobulin uas tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov placenta. Nce IgG pom hauv IgG ntau yam myeloma, kab mob lupus erythematosus, mob caj dab rheumatoid, mob siab ua haujlwm ntev, mob ntsws, kala-azar thiab qee yam kab mob sib kis. Kev txo qis yog pom hauv nephrotic syndrome, qee cov qog nqaij hlav, leukemia, kab mob hnyav, kab mob hauv lub teeb thiab qee yam kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob.
IgA muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hla cov placenta, thiab cov menyuam tsuas tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov kua mis.
Tus nqi siv: 0.7 ~ 3.9 g / L rau cov neeg laus.
Muaj ob hom IgA hauv tib neeg cov ntshav, uas yog serotype thiab secretory type. Lub qub muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug monomer, thiab lub tom kawg yog tsim los ntawm ib tug txuas nrog dimer thiab secretory ntawv. Qhov chaw uas synthesis thiab secretion tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv, txoj hlab ntsws, lub mis, cov qog qaub ncaug thiab cov qog lacrimal, yog li lawv feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv, bronchial secretions, colostrum, qaub ncaug thiab kua muag. Lawv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv mucosal thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv zos. Nws yog los ntawm colostrum uas cov menyuam mos tau txais cov secretory IgA, uas ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntuj.
Nce IgA pom nyob rau hauv IgA hom ntau yam myelopathy, kab mob lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid mob caj dab, daim siab cirrhosis, eczema, thrombocytopenia thiab lwm yam kab mob. Cov qis iga theem pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob hnyav, kab mob hauv lub teeb, kab mob malabsorption, qee yam kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, rov ua pa kab mob, kev hloov ntshav, cov kab mob autoimmune, thiab lwm yam.
IgM yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab ua haujlwm nrog lub zog muaj zog bactericidal, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv kab mob Gram-negative xws li Escherichia coli.
Tus nqi siv: 0.4 ~ 3.5 g / L rau cov neeg laus.
Nws yog thawj antibody synthesized thiab secreted nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm ontogeny. IgM tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev loj hlob fetal. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm IgM Nws yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus hauv cov menyuam mos, thiab nws maj mam nce thaum yug los, mus txog rau cov neeg laus thaum muaj hnub nyoog 1/2 txog 1 xyoos.
Kev nce ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no hauv cov ntshav qaum qhia tias tus menyuam hauv plab muaj kab mob hauv lub cev (xws li tus kab mob rubella, cytomegalovirus, thiab lwm yam). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntshav ntuj yog IgM, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hemolytic tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov ntshav ntawm pawg ntshav tsis sib xws kuj yog los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no. Thaum lub cev tau kis los ntawm cov kab mob, IgM yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxov tshaj plaws uas tsim tawm hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral. Kev kuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas thiab kho tus kab mob thaum ntxov.
Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob: Kev nce ntxiv yog pom nyob rau hauv macroglobulinemia, kab mob autoimmune (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid mob caj dab, Sjogren's syndrome), kab mob viral, mob lymphocytic leukemia thiab malignant lymphoma. Kev txo qis yog pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam myeloma, kub hnyiab, tsis muaj zaub mov noj thiab cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob.
IgE tseem hu ua reactin. Thaum lub cev ntsib cov tshuaj tsis haum, IgE tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlwb tso tawm ntau yam tshuaj nquag, ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj.
Tus nqi siv: 0.13 ~ 0.93 g / L rau cov neeg laus.
Cov ntsiab lus ib txwm ruaj khov heev. Nws yog cov immunoglobulin uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tsawg tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg cov ntshav, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov hlwb mast, alkaloid granulocytes thiab lwm cov hlwb, uas ua rau hom I hypersensitivity.
Nce IgE yog pom nyob rau hauv bronchial hawb pob, urticaria, eczema thiab lwm yam kab mob ua xua thiab kab mob parasitic (roundworms, hookworms) thiab hais txog. Kev txo qis IgE yog pom hauv thawj agammaglobulinemia.
Nws tuaj yeem muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Tus nqi siv: 0.6 ~ 2.0 g / L rau cov neeg laus.
Nws yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tuaj yeem tsim tau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus hauv lub cev yog tsawg heev, yooj yim hydrolyzed los ntawm proteases, thiab muaj ib nrab-lub neej luv (tsuas yog 3 hnub). Nws lub ntsiab physiological functions tseem tsis tau to taub tag nrho.
Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob: Kev nce IgD tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam myeloma, mob osteomyelitis, kis mob hemorrhagic fever, cirrhosis, qee yam kab mob sib txuas, kab mob ua xua, Hashimoto's thyroiditis thiab kab mob kis kab mob. Kev txo qis tuaj yeem pom hauv thawj agammaglobulinemia, silicosis, thiab lwm yam.
Kev ntsuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav ntshav immunoglobulin yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog qhov tiv thaiv kab mob muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub cev thiab muaj qee yam muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob autoimmune, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev kuaj mob ntawm plasma cell malignant transformation thiab humoral tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj qee yam txiaj ntsig rau kev soj ntsuam cov nyhuv curative ntawm tus kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, serum immunoglobulins muaj ntau qhov sib txawv nrog qhov tshwj xeeb marginal. Yog li ntawd, kev kuaj mob thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau sib koom ua ke nrog cov kab mob hauv chaw kho mob.
Xav kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog antigens thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob? Nyeem txog monoclonal thiab polyclonal antibodies.
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