Nrog kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev nyob niaj hnub no, kev lag luam dej haus tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Ntau yam dej qab zib, suav nrog mis nyuj, yogurt, kua txiv, npias, npaj cov dej qab zib, cov dej qab zib, cov dej haus cog, dej fwj, thiab lwm yam. Peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov dej haus thiab ua kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
BALLYA -Qhia ntau yam kev ntsuas kab mob microbiological thiab npaj txhij rau siv nruab nrab raws li qhov ntsuas tau zoo rau ntau yam ntawm cov tuam ntxhab.
BALLYA - Cov phaj suav, siv dav hauv mis nyuj, dej haus, ua nqaij, dej lag luam. Sib piv nrog Agar txoj kev, nws yooj yim heev rau siv, tsis tas yuav ua cov txheej txheem nyuaj, luv lub sijhawm nrhiav pom, raug nqi, txuag nqi zog.
Aerobic Suav PhajE. Coli Suav Phaj
Coliform Count Phaj
Salmonella Suav Phaj
Npaj-rau-siv Kab lis kev cai nruab nrabNpaj-rau-siv, ua tiav sai li 24 ± 2 teev
Ib qho yooj yim-rau-siv thiab muab qhov tseeb, ua tau zoo, ntseeg tau
Tshem tawm cov theem cumbsome ntawm kev npaj xov xwm, kom tsis muaj menyuam, ua kom sov
Aerobic Culture Medium (PCA)
Coliform Culture Medium (VRBA)
E. Coli Culture Medium (VRBA-MUG)
Poov xab & Pwm Kab lis kev cai nruab nrab (Rose Bengal)
Poov xab & Pwm Kab lis kev cai nruab nrab (PDA)
Cov npe haus
Feem ntau cov dej haus tuaj yeem faib ua dej haus cawv thiab tsis haus cawv.
Cov cawv tsis muaj cawv
Cov dej haus carbonated: Nws yog cov dej haus ua npuas uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov pa roj carbon dioxide nrog ntau yam txuj lom, dej, phoov, thiab xim. Zoo li cola, dej qab zib, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb suav nrog: dej carbonated, citric acid thiab lwm yam kua qaub, qab zib, txuj lom, thiab qee yam muaj caffeine.
Cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo: ntau yam kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kua txiv tshiab, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib xyaw thiab kua zaub, thiab lwm yam.
Dej qab zib muaj nuj nqi: haus nrog ntau yam khoom noj kom tau raws li qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg lub cev.
Tshuaj yej haus: ntau yam tshuaj yej ntsuab, tshuaj yej dub, tshuaj yej paj, tshuaj yej oolong, barley tshuaj yej, tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab, thiab dej txias. Ib txhia muaj txiv qaub.
Mis nyuj haus: mis,
yogurt, mis nyuj tshuaj yej thiab lwm yam dej qab zib raws li cov mis nyuj tshiab lossis
khoom noj siv mis.
Haus dej kas fes: Dej haus uas muaj cov khoom xyaw kas fes.
Quav dej cawv
Brewing caw: Brewing caw yog cawv cawv tsim los ntawm fermentation cawv ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab cellaring hauv qee lub ntim rau qee lub sijhawm. Cov cawv cawv ntawm cov cawv no feem ntau tsis siab, feem ntau tsis ntau tshaj kaum feem pua. Hom cawv no feem ntau suav nrog npias, cawv thiab cawv cawv.
Distilled caw: Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov cawv cawv cawv feem ntau suav nrog plaub txheej txheem ntawm kev zom, fermentation, distillation thiab kev laus ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Hom cawv no muaj cov cawv ntau dua vim tias nws tau ua kom huv los ntawm kev haus cawv.
Cov cawv sib xyaw: Cov cawv sib xyaw ua ke yog ua los ntawm cov cawv txiv hmab, cawv cawv lossis cawv cawv ua cawv cawv, ntxiv ntau yam ntuj tsim lossis khoom siv raw, thiab ua tiav los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb los tsim cov cawv sib xyaw nrog xim tshwj xeeb, tsw qab, saj thiab hom.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias ntau cov dej cawv haus xav tau microbial fermentation los tsim lawv. Yog tias tsis ua haujlwm zoo, cov dej cawv uas tsim tawm tuaj yeem muaj cov kab mob ntau dhau. Cov kab mob me me uas tsis xav tau no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev.
Dab tsi yog microorganism?
Kev txhais cov kab mob me me
Lub sijhawm sib koom ua ke rau txhua tus tsiaj me uas nyuaj rau tus kheej kom pom nrog qhov muag liab qab. Cov kab mob me me suav nrog cov kab mob, kab mob, fungi, thiab ob peb algae. (Tab sis qee qhov kab mob me me tuaj yeem pom qhov muag tsis pom, zoo li nceb, ganoderma, thiab lwm yam uas yog los ntawm cov kab mob hu ua fungi.) Cov kab mob yog chav kawm ntawm "cov tsis muaj cellular" tsim los ntawm ob peb yam xws li nucleic acids thiab cov protein, tab sis lawv muaj sia nyob yuav tsum nyob ntawm cov cell nyob. Raws li qhov chaw ib puag ncig sib txawv, lawv tau muab faib ua qhov chaw me me thiab cov kab mob me me. Raws li kev faib tawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes, lawv tau muab faib ua cov kab mob prokaryotic thiab cov kab mob eukaryotic.
Tus kab mob microorganism
Tus kab mob microbial yog tus kab mob uas kis rau cov kab mob me me, suav nrog cov kab mob xws li cov kab mob, cov hu ua fungi, actinomycetes, lossis spirochaetes. Xws li kab mob vais lav, kab mob hu ua fungal, thiab lwm yam.
Kab mob microorganism
Cov kab mob hauv lub cev yog cov kab mob me me uas tuaj yeem nkag rau tib neeg lub cev, ua rau kis mob thiab txawm tias muaj kab mob sib kis, lossis raug hu ua kab mob. Ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob thiab kab mob yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Cov kab mob me me hais txog prion lub cev, kab mob parasites (protozoa, cua nab, kab mob kho mob), kab mob, kab mob, spirochete, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, thiab kab mob.
Tom qab rov ua dua qee yam tshuaj siv tshuaj kho mob, kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee yam kab mob txuas ntxiv mus, yog li cov kab mob zaum kawg tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov tshuaj yam tsis raug tua lossis txwv tsis pub. Nov yog qhov tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj, uas yog hu ua tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis tiv thaiv. Tshuaj kho mob. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus siv tshuaj ntau npaum li cas lossis siv tshuaj ntev. Ntau cov kab mob thiab kab mob parasites tsim tawm tsam. Cov kab mob tsim tawm tsam, feem ntau txo qis kev ua haujlwm lossis ua tsis tiav. Cov kab mob tiv taus tshuaj yog muaj keeb, yog li nws yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis cov lus qhia thaum kho kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb tshuaj.
Cov npe kab mob
Raws li lawv qhov sib txawv hauv cov qauv, kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev ua neej nyob, lawv tuaj yeem faib ua peb pawg.
1. Eukaryotic cell-type microorganisms Lub nucleus muaj qib siab ntawm kev sib txawv, suav nrog nuclear membrane, nucleoli thiab chromosomes; muaj cov organelles ua tiav hauv cytoplasm (xws li endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome thiab mitochondria, thiab lwm yam) Fungi koom nrog hom kab mob me me no.
2. Prokaryote-type microorganisms The degree of nuclear differentiation is low, with only primitive nucleus, tsis muaj nuclear membrane thiab nucleoli; organelles tsis zoo tag nrho. Muaj ntau hom kab mob me me no, suav nrog cov kab mob, Borrelia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia thiab Actinomycetes.
3. Cov kab mob uas tsis yog cellular tsis muaj cov qauv ntawm cov cell thiab tsis muaj lub zog tsim cov enzyme system. Lawv tsuas tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab rov tsim dua hauv cov cell muaj sia. Cov kab mob no yog hom kab mob me me no.
Cov kab mob me me hauv kev ua cawv txiv hmab
Kab mob cawv cawv:
Npias poov xab: Muab faib ua cov poov xab sab saud thiab qis poov xab. Txawm hais tias lub peev xwm fermentation thiab kev ua haujlwm sib txawv, lawv txhua tus haum rau cov kua saccharification siv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ua raw khoom. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws los ua npias, cawv, thiab cawv;
Brewer's yeast variants: cultured cells in wort yog oval, qee zaum ob peb yog cov hnyuv ntxwm zoo li; tuaj yeem tiv taus acidity siab dua, ethanol tsis kam tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 10%, tuaj yeem tiv taus qis carbon dioxide; belongs rau cov poov xab hauv qab no, haum rau Wine fermentation
Schizosaccharomyces: Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev sib faib los ntawm kev faib, thiab cov cell yog cylindrical, duab plaub lossis puag ncig; nws tuaj yeem ua rau ntau yam suab thaj; nws tsis loj hlob hauv ethanol los ntawm nitrates sib txawv;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Nws siv cov piam thaj lossis cawv raws li cov pa roj carbon thiab tuaj yeem tsim qhov tsw thaum lub sijhawm fermentation.
Cov kab mob Saccharifying:
Fungi uas hloov cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab raw khoom mus rau hauv qabzib. Muaj zog saccharification muaj zog, rov ua dua tshiab nrawm, muaj cua sov zoo, tiv thaiv cov kua qaub thiab cawv, tsis muaj lossis tsawg dua ntawm pectinase uas tuaj yeem txo cov tshuaj methanol uas tsim tawm feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam brewing yog Aspergillus, Rhizopus, endosporum, Monascus thiab Mucor.
Kab mob thiab lawv cov metabolites
Lactobacillus, kab mob acetic acid, kab mob butyric acid, thiab lwm yam feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam cawv.