1. Hom thiab Khoom Noj Muaj Nqis ntawm Roughage
Roughage hais txog cov khoom noj uas nws cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau hauv cov teeb meem qhuav ntawm pub yog ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 18%. Muaj ntau hom roughage uas tuaj yeem siv rau pub mis nyuj, suav nrog quav nyab, quav nyab, pub zaub ntsuab thiab silage. Ntawm lawv, quav nyab hais txog Gramineae lossis legumeous forage, cov ntsiab lus noo noo tsawg dua 15%. Feem ntau cov nyom roughage suav nrog Northeast Leymus Chinensis, quav nyab, alfalfa, thiab lwm yam. Straw hais txog straw, vine, thiab yub tom qab sau qoob loo, uas tau muab faib ua qhuav thiab ntsuab, feem ntau yog siv pob kws, cog qos cog, cog qoob loo, thiab lwm yam Cov zaub ntsuab hais txog cov nyom lossis cov zaub cog qoob loo thiab cog qoob loo nrog ntau dua 45% ntawm cov av noo, xws li cov nyom nyom, alfalfa, thiab pob kws ntsuab fodder. Kev pub ntsuab yog hais txog kev pub zaub mov los ntawm kev txiav, cog, kaw thiab cog cov zaub ntsuab lossis cov qoob loo, nrog cov dej noo ntawm 65%-75%.
Tus nqi noj haus ntawm ntau hom roughage kuj txawv. Piv txwv li, cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab zom tau yooj yim ntawm cov quav nyab sib txawv. Kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov roj nyoos hauv Gramineae siab dua li hauv Leguminosae, thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein nyoos tsuas yog qhov txawv. Tus nqi noj haus ntawm straw feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov fiber, thaum pub mis feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein nyoos. Piv nrog rau kev mloog zoo ntawm qhov hnyav ib yam, tus nqi ntawm roughage qis, qhov ntim tau loj, thiab cov nyiaj fiber ntau loj, tshwj xeeb yog cov tsis muaj fiber ntau. Vim tias kev zom zaub mov ntawm roughage qeeb, nws yooj yim los txhawb dab tsi yog rumination ntawm cov mis nyuj, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov kab mob me me hauv cov lus ntawm lawv thiab ua kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov rumen. Cov protein nyoos muaj nyob hauv roughage tau yooj yim rau zom thiab nqus, thiab roughage kuj muaj ntau yam vitamins thiab minerals uas xav tau rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nyuj nyuj thiab lactation.
2. Ua ntawm Roughage
Kev ua lub cev.
Nws feem ntau yog hais txog txoj hauv kev ua lub cev los hloov cov duab ntawm roughage, uas yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov mis nyuj nyuj noj. Cov txheej txheem ib txwm suav nrog kev ua cov tshuab, xws li chopping, crushing thiab kneading. Roughage tom qab kev kho mob saum toj no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau zom, txhim kho kev sau thiab txo cov pov tseg ntawm kev pub. Tab sis yog tias ua tiav zoo, nws yuav ua rau txo qis ntawm kev zom zaub mov, ua rau lub sijhawm nyob tsawg ntawm kev pub nyob hauv rumen, txo qis kev ua haujlwm, txo qis tus nqi pH hauv cov lus ceeb toom, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom ntawm nyuj nyuj.
Kub ua.
Nws txhais tau tias qhov palatability ntawm roughage tau zoo dua los ntawm kev ua noj thiab ua kom cov roughage muag. Kev nthuav dav rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm cov fibers thiab nce kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov fibers. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej xav tau rau cov thev naus laus zis no kim thiab tsis tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom.
Salinization.
Nws hais txog lub ntuj ua kom cov nyom qhuav tom qab tau txau thiab tsau rau hauv 1% ntawm cov dej ntsev ntawm qhov hnyav tib yam li 12-24 teev los txhawm rau txhim kho kev nkag siab thiab noj roughage.
Tshuaj kho mob.
Muaj cov txheej txheem ammoniation, kua ammonia thiab urea tau siv los ammoniate straw nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej kaw txhawm rau txhim kho kev zom zaub mov thiab cov qib protein nyoos, thiab txhawm rau txhim kho qhov palatability thiab noj roughage.
Kev kho alkalization.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho cov quav nrog cov tshuaj alkaline ntawm qee qhov sib xyaw yog txhawm rau rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab cov qauv cellulose, tso cov as -ham thiab nce kev zom zaub mov thiab nkag mus.
Kev kho mob lom.
Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob me me thiab cov enzymes, cov fibers hauv roughage tuaj yeem ua kom puas los tsim cov qab zib, lipid, thiab cov protein, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov palatability, kev zom zaub mov, thiab khoom noj khoom haus tus nqi ntawm roughage.
Silage pub.
Nws yog ib hom ntawm nyuj nyuj pub uas muaj lactic acid saj thiab zoo palatability. Nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lossis tua cov kab mob phem hauv cov txheej txheem fermentation los ntawm kev muab tshuaj txhuam thiab ua kom cov zaub ntsuab ntsuab thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom tsis muaj zog fermentation.
Kev kho tus kab mob Enzymatic.
Nws yog txhawm rau yaj cov cellulose decomposing enzymes hauv dej thiab txau lawv ntawm roughage txhawm rau txhim kho kev zom zaub mov, tab sis txoj kev no kim thiab tsis haum rau kev tsim khoom.
Fermentation.
Nws yog kev siv microbial fermentation txhawm rau txhawm rau lignocellulose hauv roughage thiab ua kom cov quav muag muag. Cov roughage kho tau zoo palatability, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo noj haus thiab zom tau yooj yim, tus nqi qis thiab sijhawm cia ntev.
3. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Roughage ntawm Kev Pub Nyuj Nyuj Nyuj
Tus qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua qaub ntawm cov nyuj tau txiav txim siab tias yuav tsum tau noj qee yam ntawm cov nqaij nyoos. Roughage tuaj yeem ua rau thaj chaw sib cuag ntawm pub thiab rumen, nce ntim ntawm rumen ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj, thiab ua rau lawv zoo siab. Kev pub mis mus sij hawm ntev ntawm roughage zoo tuaj yeem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ruaj khov ntawm cov nyuj nyuj, txhawb nqa rumen peristalsis, sib npaug qhov chaw ib puag ncig rumen, txhawb kev xaiv thiab txhim kho siv tus nqi ntawm pub. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv rumen acidosis. Yog tias cov mis nyuj noj ntau mloog zoo mloog cov zaub mov, ntau cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj rog yuav tsim tawm hauv cov rumen, uas yuav txo qis tus nqi rumen pH, hloov cov zej zog microbial hauv cov rumen, thiab tsim cov kua qaub uas yuav ua rau tshuaj mob ntsws, kab mob ko taw, thiab lwm yam kab mob. Yog li, nyuj nyuj pub mis nyuj roughage tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab zom mov.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm yug me nyuam nyuj, roughage yuav tsum tau noj raws li lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov mis nyuj nyuj cov zaub mov, cov mloog zoo tuaj yeem siv los txhawb kev noj haus ntawm cov mis nyuj. Qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm roughage thiab mloog zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nyuj nyuj. Qhov zoo ntawm roughage tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau cov mis nyuj tawm ntawm cov mis nyuj. Cov mis nyuj tawm ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj tsis yog tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm kev mloog zoo thiab roughage tab sis kuj ntawm qhov zoo ntawm roughage. Thaum cov nyuj mis nyuj noj tau zoo roughage, lawv tau txais ntau ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, thaum pub mis nyuj rau cov nyuj, qhov muaj feem sib xyaw ntawm roughage thiab mloog zoo tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog ua rau cov nyuj ua tiav cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis kuj nce mis nyuj ntau lawm.
Pub roughage tuaj yeem txhim kho mis nyuj rog tus nqi, uas yog sib piv rau rumen acetic acid-propionic acid. Cov nqaij nyoos nyoos hauv roughage tau decomposed rau hauv acetic acid hauv cov rumen. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej tuaj yeem txhim kho rumen fermentation thiab txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj propionic acid. Yog li, kev faib ua feem ntawm roughage hauv kev noj zaub mov yuav tsum tsim nyog, thaum tsawg dua 50%, nws yuav ua rau txo qis ntawm propionic acid acetate piv thiab cov mis muaj roj cov ntsiab lus vim qhov txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau. NMR yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau kev qhia nyuj.