Peptides yog cov sib txuas tsim los ntawm kev txuas α-amino acids nrog peptide bonds, thiab yog cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov protein hydrolysis. Cov sib xyaw ua los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej thiab ua kom sib xyaw ntawm ob lub amino acid molecules hu ua dipeptides, thiab sib piv, muaj tripeptides, tetrapeptides, pentapeptides, thiab lwm yam. Cov sib xyaw feem ntau tsim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej thiab hws ntawm 10-100 amino acid molecules hu ua polypeptides.
polypeptides tshuaj tua kab mob tau muab rho tawm los ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm cov kab mob Polymyxa lossis Aerospore bacterium. Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, kev siv tshuaj kho mob peptides raws li tshuaj tau dhau los ua ntau dua, thiab kev tshawb fawb tshuaj sib xws kuj tseem tau txais kev saib xyuas ntxiv. Piv nrog rau ib txwm tshuaj me me-molecule organic tshuaj, peptides muaj kev ruaj ntseg tsis zoo. Polypeptide tshuaj tua kab mob muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm polypeptide qauv, suav nrog polymyxins (polymyxin IB, polymyxin E), bacitracins (bacitracin, gramicidin) thiab vancomycin tshuaj.
Ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptide, cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib txawv muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib txawv. Lawv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi, virus, spirochetes, thiab protozoa. Nws muaj cov txiaj ntsig kho tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob tso zis, mob mastitis thiab lwm yam kab mob. Nws siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob tua kab mob me me, ua kom tsis muaj menyuam nyob rau hauv koob tshuaj loj.
Xws li tshuaj tua kab mob ua ntej cuam tshuam rau sab nrauv ntawm cov kab mob rhiab. Cov pab pawg amino ntawm cyclic polypeptide ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib piv sib piv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab mob sab nrauv daim nyias nyias lipopolysaccharide, uas rhuav tshem kev ncaj ncees ntawm txheej sab nrauv, thiab cov kua qaub ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau sab nrauv, yog li nce qhov permeability ntawm cytoplasmic membrane, ua rau kev khiav tawm ntawm cov lwg me me xws li phosphoric acid thiab nucleosides hauv cytoplasm, ua rau lub cell tsis ua haujlwm thiab txawm tias tuag. Txij li cov kab mob Gram-positive muaj cov phab ntsa tuab tuab nyob sab nraud uas tiv thaiv cov tshuaj kom tsis txhob nkag mus rau cov kab mob, cov tshuaj tua kab mob no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lawv.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm peptide tshuaj tua kab mob kuj txawv. Polymyxins tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob cytoplasmic membrane, thaum bacitracin ua rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab cytoplasm. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peptide tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov kab mob tsis yooj yim los tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tab sis qhov tsis zoo yog tias lawv muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua kom puas ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev, lawv kuj ua rau cov tsiaj ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm tes. Lawv feem ntau yog lom rau lub raum thiab lub paj hlwb.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, kev siv tshuaj kho mob polypeptides raws li cov tshuaj tau dhau los ua ntau dua, thiab kev tshawb fawb tshuaj sib xws kuj tseem tau txais kev saib xyuas ntxiv. Qhov nqus cov protein ntau yog lwm qhov mob taub hau thaum nws khaws thiab siv. Piv txwv li, riL-2 yuav raug nqus rau ntawm cov yeeb nkab thaum lub sij hawm perfusion, ua rau poob haujlwm.
Txoj hauv kev los txhim kho peptide kev ruaj ntseg:
Polypeptide tshuaj tua kab mob yog hom tshuaj tua kab mob nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm polypeptide, suav nrog polymyxins (polymyxin B, polymyxin E), bacitracin (bacitracin, gramicidin) thiab vancomycin.
Ib pawg tshuaj tua kab mob cais tawm los ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm cov genus Polymyxa tuaj yeem faib ua 8 hom polymyxin A, B, C, D, E, K, M thiab P raws li lawv cov qauv tshuaj, uas tsuas yog polymyxin IB thiab polymyxin E. muaj tshuaj lom tsawg uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv daim ntawv thov tshuaj. Lwm qhov ntau hom tsiaj yog tshuaj lom dhau los siv hauv kev kho mob. Polymyxin B thiab Polymyxin E tau siv los kho tus mob Pseudomonas aeruginosa lossis lwm yam kab mob gram-negative bacilli thaum xyoo 1960. Vim txoj kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv tsis muaj tshuaj lom tshiab, thiab siv tshuaj tua kab mob zoo, ob lub tshuaj no tau hloov los ntawm lawv, tab sis thaum cov kab mob hais los saum toj no tiv taus lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob thiab nkag siab zoo rau ob yam tshuaj no, nws tseem tuaj yeem siv ua tshuaj thib ob.
Cov khoom lag luam ntawm polymyxin IB is polymyxin sulfate hmoov; cov khoom lag luam ntawm polymyxin E suav nrog polymyxin E methanesulfonate thiab polymyxin E sulfate. Colistin yog tib yam tshuaj uas muaj npe txawv ntawm polymyxin E. Polymyxin B thiab Polymyxin E muaj tib yam tshuaj tua kab mob. Feem ntau Gram-negative bacilli xws li Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsella spp., Enterobacter spp. yog rhiab heev rau nws, thiab lawv nkag siab Haemophilus influenzae, Pertussis, Salmonella, thiab Shigella, tiv taus rau Proteus thiab Serratia marcescens, thaum Neisseria thiab Brucea tsis nkag siab nws. Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv kab mob Gram-positive. Tsuas yog Bacteroides fragilis, lwm yam Bacteroides thiab Fusobacterium txhua tus ua rau cov kab mob tsis muaj zog. Cov kab mob tsim tawm tsam cov tshuaj tua kab mob no maj mam, thiab qee zaum tiv taus kab mob Pseudomonas aeruginosa pom tau. Polymyxin B thiab Polymyxin E tau ua tiav kev hla kev ua haujlwm.
Ob yam tshuaj no tsis tau siv ua tshuaj kho mob ntxiv lawm, tab sis tsuas yog siv raws li ntau yam kev kho mob hauv ib cheeb tsam, xws li kev kho mob sab nrauv hnov pob ntseg, pob ntseg los yog kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev tso zis tso zis los yog atomization nqus tshuaj kho.
Lawv tau cais los ntawm Bacillus licheniformis thiab Bacillus brevis, ob qho tib si uas tau tsim los ntawm cov amino acids txuas los ntawm peptide saw. Ob qho tshuaj tua kab mob muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob siab tiv thaiv kab mob Gram-positive feem ntau. Staphylococcus aureus thiab β-hemolytic streptococcus nkag siab tau rau lawv, thiab feem ntau lawv tiv taus rau pawg B streptococci. Bacitracin rhiab rau cov kab mob Neisseria, thaum gramicidin muaj zog me ntsis.
Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kiag li tawm tsam Gram-negative bacilli. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm bacitracin feem ntau yog txhawm rau txhawm rau ua ke ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tes; gramicidin feem ntau hloov pauv qhov permeability ntawm cov kab mob cytoplasmic membrane. Vim tias ob yam tshuaj tua kab mob no muaj lub raum tsis zoo, lawv tsuas yog siv rau kev kho mob hauv ib cheeb tsam. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau hauv qab zib, tshuaj pleev, tshuaj tsuag, thiab lwm yam rau siv sab nraud, lossis tsim los ua kev daws teeb meem rau qhov muag, pob ntseg poob, ntxuav qhov txhab, zais zis, thiab lwm yam. neomycin or polymyxin IB los nthuav nws cov kab mob tua kab mob.
Tricyclic glycopeptide tshuaj tua kab mob cais tawm ntawm Streptomyces orientans xyoo 1956. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob gram-positive. Nws tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob hauv xyoo 1958. Vim tias kev npaj thaum lub sijhawm ntawd muaj cov khoom tsis huv, lawv feem ntau ua rau muaj kev phom sij xws li ua daus no, kub taub hau, thiab ntshav siab tsawg, thiab tuaj txog ntawm penicillin-resistant penicillin xyoo 1960. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv thov tshuaj kho mob tau txo qis heev. Kev npaj cov tshuaj no tau ua kom huv, thiab cov kev tsis zoo tau raug txo qis, thiab tam sim no nws tau suav tias yog cov tshuaj muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Vancomycin tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kab mob Gram-positive tau zoo, suav nrog Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans thiab Enterococcus. Bacillus anthracis, diphtheria, tetanus, clostridium, thiab lwm yam yog txhua qhov rhiab rau nws, tab sis lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau feem ntau cov kab mob Gram-negative, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, mycoplasma, thiab fungi. Cov tshuaj no tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv, txawm tias nws ua, nws txhim kho qeeb. Nws tsis hla kev tiv nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, thiab Streptococcus pneumoniae uas tiv taus ntau lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob kuj tseem ua rau lawv, yog li nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv tsev kho mob los ntawm cov kab mob tiv taus.
Cov txheej txheem tua kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ib txwm yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob khi rau cov neeg txais tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab mob, yog li ua kom cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj ntawm cov kab mob los yog cuam tshuam qee yam biosynthesis kom ua tiav cov tshuaj tua kab mob lossis tua kab mob. Thaum lub hom phiaj ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv, cov tshuaj tua kab mob yuav poob nws cov tshuaj tua kab mob, uas yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas cov kab mob txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptide ncaj qha cuam tshuam cov cell membrane ntawm cov kab mob thiab tua cov kab mob, yog li nws tsis yooj yim los tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Ib qho ntxiv, nws kuj muaj zog alkaline, thermal stability thiab broad-spectrum antibacterial yam ntxwv.
Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tam sim no tsom mus rau txoj hauv kev zom zaub mov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau rov ua dua, yog li lawv tsuas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv kab mob hauv qib rov ua dua tshiab; thaum peptide tshuaj tua kab mob lub hom phiaj ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ob qho tib si metabolically nquag thiab metabolically tsis ua haujlwm microorganisms. Hom kev ua tshwj xeeb no txog tam sim no tsis tsim teeb meem tiv thaiv. Qhov no txhais tau tias peptide tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tshem tawm cov kab mob, tab sis kuj tseem txo qis lossis txawm tias tshem tawm qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj, yog li ib zaug thiab rau txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no ntsib tib neeg.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ib txwm tau tshwm sim ua rau cov tshuaj tiv taus kab mob sib kis, thiab teeb meem ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pathogenic tau ua rau tib neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntau ntxiv. Nrhiav hom tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj. Polypeptide tshuaj tua kab mob tau txiav txim siab kom muaj kev thov dav hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj vim tias lawv muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob siab, cov tshuaj tua kab mob dav, muaj ntau yam kev xaiv, thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm hom phiaj txhawm rau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv.
Tam sim no, ntau yam tshuaj peptide tshuaj tua kab mob tseem tab tom tshawb fawb txog kev muaj peev xwm ua ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog peptide tshuaj tua kab mob tsuas yog lub sijhawm luv ntawm 30 xyoo. Txhawm rau hloov cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tseem muaj ntau yam teeb meem hauv lawv txoj kev siv lag luam thoob plaws, suav nrog cov khoom siv, tus nqi thiab cov teeb meem txuj ci.
Xyoo tsis ntev los no, txawm hais tias qee qhov kev nce qib tau ua hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tsis txhaj tshuaj ntawm polypeptides, tseem muaj ntau yam nyuaj. Yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj peptide xav tau kev nkag mus rau kev txhawb nqa rau mucosal xa, thiab muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv. Qhov teeb meem yog yuav ua li cas thiaj li txo qis lawv qhov khaus thiab seb kev siv mus sij hawm ntev cuam tshuam rau kev ncaj ncees ntawm epithelium.
Hloov cov micro-particles rau kev ua kom nkag mus tau zoo tuaj yeem yog txoj hauv kev cia siab ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj. Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev ua tiav tau ua tiav hauv kev kov yeej cov teeb meem osmotic thiab cov teeb meem enzyme, tseem tsis tau muaj qhov ua tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov teeb meem ntawm lub siab tshem tawm ntawm peptides yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau. Nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm daim siab tshem tawm cov txheej txheem, qauv thiab tshem tawm yuav pab ua kom npau suav ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm peptides.
Polypeptide tshuaj tua kab mob muaj cov qauv ntawm polypeptides, yog li lawv kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsis ruaj khov polypeptide, tab sis cov tshuaj tua kab mob polypeptide kuj muaj lawv tus kheej qhov zoo, uas yog, lawv tsis yooj yim los tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv.
BALLYA muab a ballya-vancomycin-xeem thiab ballya-polymyxin-b-xeem qhia rau koj yog tias muaj vancomycin tshuaj thiab polymyxin b seem hauv cov khoom noj thiab pub.
References