Cephalosporins yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob siv dav hauv tsev kho mob. Zoo li penicillin, lawv txhua tus beta lawm tshuaj tua kab mob.
Tib neeg feem ntau faib cov kab mob me rau hauv 8 pawg: kab mob, kab mob, fungi, actinomycetes, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, chlamydia, thiab spirochetes. Cov kab mob me me no tuaj yeem ua rau peb mob nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej, tab sis "cephalosporin" tsuas yog muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lwm 7 kab mob.
Cov kab mob tau muab faib ua ntau dua 40 hom. Txhua tus kab mob sib kis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ib lossis ntau hom kab mob; muaj ntau dua 50 hom "cephalosporins" uas tuaj yeem siv tam sim no, thiab txhua hom kab mob muaj kev nkag siab sib txawv rau "cephalosporins". Qhov no ua rau nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem xaiv qhov "cephalosporin" tsim nyog los kho kab mob, yog li yuav tsum "cephalosporins" xaiv li cas?
Los ntawm kev sim, nws tau pom tias yuav luag txhua cov kab mob tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg loj los ntawm "Gram stain", uas yog, cov kab mob Gram-positive (G+) thiab Gram-negative bacteria (G-). Cov kab mob gram-positive thiab cov kab mob gram-negative sib txawv heev hauv cov qauv ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab ntxiv rau, yog li qhov ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib txawv sib txawv. Piv txwv li, feem ntau cov kab mob gram-positive yog rhiab rau tshuaj penicillin, thaum cov kab mob gram-negative tsis nkag siab rau penicillin, tab sis tshuaj streptomycin thiab chloramphenicol.
Yog li tib neeg faib "cephalosporins" ua tsib tiam raws li lawv cov kab mob tua kab mob thiab ua haujlwm tua kab mob. Ua li no, thaum xaiv tshuaj, kws kho mob tuaj yeem xaiv qhov zoo raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov yam ntxwv ua ntawm cov tshuaj.
Lub npe raug cai ntawm "cephalosporin" yog cephalosporin tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ib nrab uas tau txais los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cephalosporin C cais los ntawm kab lis kev cai kua zaub ze rau Penicillium. Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim yog tib yam li ntawm penicillins, txwv tsis pub tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm tes kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj kom tsis muaj menyuam.
Nws yog tshuaj tua kab mob. Piv nrog penicillins, nws qhov zoo muaj xws li: ntau yam kab mob tua kab mob ntau dua; me me lossis tsis muaj kev fab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nrog penicillin, thiab qis kev tsis haum tshuaj tshwm sim los ntawm penicillins; beta lactamase cov ua los ntawm cov kua qaub thiab ntau yam kab mob (Ib yam khoom uas rhuav tshem penicillin thiab cephalosporin) ruaj khov dua. Vim nws qhov tsis zoo tshwm sim thiab tshuaj lom tshwm sim los, nws tau tsim tawm sai sai txij li nws thawj daim ntawv thov tshuaj nyob rau xyoo 1960, thiab ntau yam tau tsim. Cephalosporins tau tsim los rau tsib tiam neeg. Coob leej neeg ntseeg tias ntau dua tiam neeg, kim dua thiab ua kom zoo dua qub. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog kev nkag siab yuam kev. Cephalosporins feem ntau tau muab faib ua ntau tiam neeg raws li lawv txoj kev txhim kho ib puag ncig, cov kab mob tua kab mob, ruaj khov rau beta lactamase cov, thiab lom rau lub raum.
A. Cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj
Cefalotin sodium, cephalexincefadroxil, cefazolin uacefradine, cefathiamidine, cefaclor tshuaj, ceftazidime, Cephaloglycin, cefacetonitrile, cefpirin, cefotiazole.
B. Taw qhia
cov thawj tiam cephalosporin tau tsim tawm thaum xyoo 1960s. Hais txog kev ua haujlwm tua kab mob, cov kab mob nkag mus rau thawj tiam ntawm cephalosporins feem ntau suav nrog β-hemolytic streptococcus thiab lwm yam streptococci, suav nrog Streptococcus pneumonia (tab sis enterococcus resistant), Staphylococcus (suav nrog tsim cov kab mob enzyme) Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsi Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, cephalothin muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo dua ntawm cov kab mob gram-positive, thaum cefazolin muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau qee cov kab mob gram-negative. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj tiam cephalosporins tsis muaj zog tiv taus beta lactamase cov ntawm cov kab mob gram-negative. Yog li ntawd, cov kab mob gram-negative tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dua ntawm cov neeg tiam no.
Thawj tiam cephalosporins tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv indole-positive Proteus, Citrobacter, Aerobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Bacteroides, Streptococcus faecalis (tshwj tsis yog Cefathiamidine) thiab lwm yam kab mob.
Feem ntau siv ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov neeg tiam no suav nrog cefazolin, cephalexin, cefradine, cefadroxil thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, cefazolin tsuas tuaj yeem siv rau kev txhaj tshuaj, lwm tus tuaj yeem siv rau kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj. Cefalotin, cefotaxime, cefacetonitrile, cefpirin, thiab lwm yam tau siv tsawg dua lossis tsis yog.
A. Cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj
Cefuroxime sodium, cefuroxime axetil, cefmendol, cefaclor, cefotiam, cefmetazole, cefprozil, cefonisi, cefradit.
B. Taw qhia
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua tau zoo ntawm lub cim thib ob cephalosporin tiv thaiv cov kab mob gram-positive zoo ib yam li lossis qis dua li ntawm cephalosporins thawj tiam, thaum muaj cov kab mob gram-negative zoo heev.
A. Cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj
Cefotaxime sodium, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, cefmenoxime, cefpiramide, cefotetan, cefixime, cefpodoxime proxetil, ceftimeproxil, cefodizime, cephalosporin Titium, Cefdince, Ceftephine, Ceftephine
B. Introduction
Kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm peb tiam cephalosporin tiv thaiv cov kab mob gram-positive feem ntau qis dua li ntawm thawj tiam (qee qhov sib txawv zoo ib yam), thaum cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kab mob gram-negative zoo dua li ntawm cephalosporins-tiam thib ob.
A. Cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj
Cefapime, Cefpirome, Cefazuran.
B. Introduction
Cephalosporins tiam thib peb muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov kab mob Gram-positive thiab siv tsis tau los tswj tus kab mob Staphylococcus aureus. Xyoo tsis ntev los no, qee yam tshiab, xws li Cefpirome, tau tshawb pom tias tsis tsuas yog muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm peb tiam cephalosporins thib peb, tab sis kuj muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau staphylococci. Lawv raug hu ua plaub tiam cephalosporins.
A. Cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj
Ceftaroline, cefepime, thiab lwm yam.
B. Introduction
Cephalosporins tiam thib tsib muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov kab mob Gram-positive ntau dua plaub tiam dhau los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia thiab qee yam kab mob Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Gram-negative cov kab mob zoo ib yam li cephalosporin plaub tiam.
Nws ruaj khov rau feem ntau β-lactamases, tab sis tuaj yeem hydrolyzed los ntawm cov hlau feem ntau beta lactamases thiab ncua-spectrum beta lactamases. Nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua yog PBP2a, uas feem ntau yog siv rau cov tawv nqaij nyoos thiab cov nqaij mos mos mob, mob ntshav qab zib kis tau los ntawm cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo, zej zog tau txais kev mob ntsws, thiab tsev kho mob tau mob ntsws.
Cephalexin yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws thawj ib nrab ntawm qhov ncauj cephalosporin tshuaj uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev sib txuas ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, ua rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes o tuaj, tawg thiab tawg, thiab tua cov kab mob.
Cov khoom no yog ib nrab hluavtaws ua ntej-tiam qhov ncauj cephalosporin. Nws cov kab mob tua kab mob yog qhov zoo ib yam li ntawm cefalotin thiab ceftazidime, thiab nws cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis muaj zog dua li ob qho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov kua qaub tsis kam thiab qhov ncauj nqus tau zoo. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo tiv taus Staphylococcus aureus.
Cephalexin siv: Nws yog siv feem ntau rau Gram-positive thiab tsis zoo cov kab mob, xws li: mob khaub thuas, hemorrhagic sepsis, kab mob streptococcal, swine erysipelas, anthrax, emphysema gangrene, mob hnyav, actinomycosis, necrotic bacillosis, leptospirosis Septic kub cev (41-43 °) C) lossis qhov kub tsis tu ncua (qis dua 37 ° C) tshwm sim los ntawm spirochetes, plab zom mov, haus dej txias, tsis muaj zog, tsis pom kev, taug kev, pob ntseg xiav, kua muag, thiab lwm yam. mob ntsws ntsws, atrophic rhinitis, mob pob ntseg xiav, mob qog noj ntshav, mob qog noj ntshav, mob stomatitis, urethritis, thiab lwm yam.
Cefixime ib tiam thib peb cephalosporin tshuaj tua kab mob rau siv qhov ncauj. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev kho kab mob ua pa, tso zis thiab tso zis los ntawm cov kab mob rhiab. Cefixime yog qhov ruaj khov rau beta lactamase cov ua los ntawm gram-negative bacilli. Nws cov kab mob tua kab mob ntawm gram-negative bacilli muaj zog dua li ntawm thawj thiab thib ob tiam cephalosporins, thiab nws cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau ntawm gram-positive cocci tsis zoo li ntawm thawj thiab thib ob tiam cephalosporins. Tam sim no, cov tshuaj cefixime tau pom zoo los ntawm Lub Xeev Khoom Noj thiab Tshuaj Yeeb Tshuaj tuaj hauv ntau hom tshuaj xws li ntsiav tshuaj, tsiav tshuaj, ntsiav tshuaj sib faib, qhuav ncua thiab cov granules, txhua yam uas yog cov tshuaj yuav tshuaj.
Cefixime yog siv los kho cov kab mob hauv qab no los ntawm cov kab mob rhiab: kab mob ua pa, xws li mob ntsws, mob ntsws, thiab lwm yam; cov kab mob tso zis, xws li pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, thiab lwm yam; kab mob hauv lub plab, xws li mob cholecystitis, cholangitis; Otitis media, sinusitis, kub cev liab, thiab lwm yam.
MRSA yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob sib kis tau pom zoo, thiab feem ntau ntawm cephalosporins uas tau ua lag luam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug tshuaj tiv thaiv MRSA cephalosporin tshuaj Ceftobiprole tsim los ntawm Basilea Pharmaceutica, Switzerland, tau pom zoo rau kev lag luam hauv Canada thaum Lub Rau Hli 30, 2008.
Ceftobiprole yog tshuaj pyrrolidone cephalosporin. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria thiab anaerobic bacteria. Nws yog thawj cov tshuaj cephalosporin muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv MRSA thiab VRSA, thiab nws qhov kev cia siab thov yog dav, suav tias yog tus tswv cuab ntawm cov tshuaj cephalosporin thib tsib tiam. Piv nrog cefepime, Ceftobiprole muaj cov kab mob dav dav rau cov kab mob gram-positive, thaum muaj cov kab mob zoo sib xws ntawm cov kab mob gram-negative rau cefepime.
Cephalosporin tau dhau los ua kev txhim kho zoo txij li nws tau mus rau tom khw. Rau ntau hom kab mob sib txawv, los ntawm thawj tiam cephalosporin mus rau cephalosporin tiam thib tsib, lawv cov kab mob tua kab mob thiab kev nyab xeeb sib txawv.
BALLYA muab a Betalactam cephalexin combo test kit los qhia koj yog tias muaj cov beta lactams seem thiab cephalosporin seem hauv cov khoom siv mis uas koj noj txhua hnub.
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