1. Sau thiab khaws cia ntawm Roughage
Crude fibers yog cov as -ham tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev zom zaub mov roughage. Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov fibers nyoos, qib siab dua ntawm lignification, thiab nyuaj dua nws yog zom. Qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov nyiaj ntawm cov roj nyoos hauv roughage yog lub sijhawm sau qoob loo. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj nyoos sib txawv hauv tag nrho lub sijhawm loj hlob ntawm roughage. Thaum sau qoob, peb yuav tsum nkag siab lub sijhawm sau qoob loo tsim nyog thiab ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev khaws cia ntawm roughage kom ntseeg tau tias lawv zoo.
Cov roughage feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim cov nyuj mis nyuj yog cov qoob loo cog qoob loo, pob kws pobkws, Gramineae thiab leguminous forage. Lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev cog qoob loo tag nrho cov qoob loo yog lub sijhawm pub mis lig thaum cov ntsiab lus noo noo yog 70%-80%, cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav siab, thiab cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau yog qhov qis. Lub sijhawm no, kev sau qoob tuaj yeem txhim kho kev zom zaub mov. Txoj hauv kev khaws cia tseem ceeb ntawm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo yog sib xyaw cov khoom siv silage. Silage tso tsheb hlau luam thiab silage cellars tuaj yeem siv tau. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm silage, kev ua haujlwm saib xyuas yuav tsum ua kom tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob xau dej thiab cua thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov ua tau zoo. Cov pob kws pob kws tau sau tom qab siav thiab tawg tawm cov pas. Cov dej noo ntawm cov pob kws pob kws feem ntau yog 65%-75%. Cov txheej txheem khaws cia tseem ceeb ntawm pobkws straw yog silage thiab ammonia cia.
Cov nyom Gramineae feem ntau suav nrog Leymus Chinensis thiab Oatgrass. Lub sijhawm sau qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws yog theem pib ua ntej. Hauv lub sijhawm no, tsis yog tsuas yog cov qoob loo tawm los siab, tab sis tseem muaj cov lignin cov ntsiab lus qis, kev zom zaub mov tau siab, thiab tus nqi pub mis yog qhov zoo. Ua ntej cia, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom cua qhuav ua ntej sau qoob, yog li nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua nws thaum hnub tshav ntuj thaum sau qoob. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm qhuav ntawm huab cua kom qhuav, txo cov dej noo ntawm cov khoom noj mus rau 25% thiab tom qab ntawd khaws hauv pob khoom. Nws tuaj yeem khaws cov freshness ntawm forage nyom thiab txo qhov poob ntawm cov as -ham. Hauv cov txheej txheem khaws cia, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau qhov pov thawj ntawm nag, noo noo, thiab hluav taws.
Lub sijhawm sau qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws leguminous tsiaj, xws li alfalfa, yog theem squaring thaum cov ntsiab lus lignin qis, cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav siab, thiab tus nqi pub mis yog siab tshaj. Thaum khaws cia, dej yuav tsum tau tswj qis dua 16% thiab ntim hauv qab siab. Vim tias muaj cov ntsiab lus muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau hauv nplooj ntawm leguminous forage, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tsis txhob nplooj poob thiab txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov zaub kom deb li deb tau. Cov txheej txheem khaws cia yog tib yam li cov khoom noj gramineous.
2. Ua ntawm roughage
Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho kev siv tus nqi ntawm roughage, nws yuav tsum tau ua tiav ua ntej pub mis. Txoj kev siv ntau tshaj los kho roughage yog txiav thiab zom. Nws tsis tsim nyog los txiav lub roughage luv dhau thaum ua. Feem ntau, qhov ntev ntawm roughage yuav tsum yog 1-2 cm. Qhov luv luv tsis zoo rau kev zom zaub mov, yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg, ua rau nws nyob hauv cov lus ceeb toom ntev dhau, tab sis cuam tshuam rau kev siv roughage. Silage lossis ammonia silage tuaj yeem siv los kho tag nrho cov qoob loo ntawm pob kws thiab lwm yam zaub ntsuab. Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev noj haus ntawm roughage, txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig kev noj haus, ua tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm roughage los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg lom los yog kho dej ammonia, txhawm rau txhim kho kev siv roughage. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev siv tus nqi roughage tuaj yeem nce 30% -50% tom qab silage thiab 20% tom qab ammoniation.
Tam sim no, qee qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb mis nyuj loj feem ntau pub mis nyuj nrog ua kom tiav cov zaub mov sib xyaw. Cov thev naus laus zis no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev siv tus nqi ntawm nyuj roughage. Cov thev naus laus zis no txiav lossis tsoo ntau yam khoom noj pub mis rau hauv qhov tsim nyog, thiab tom qab ntawd pub nyuj tom qab tag nrho thiab txawm tias sib xyaw, uas tuaj yeem nce kev noj cov nyuj kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nyuj nyuj, yog li txhim kho kev siv roughage. Ua ntej siv cov thev naus laus zis no, yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau xaiv cov khoom sib tov uas tsim nyog, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum tsim nyog, qhov loj me me yuav tsum yog me ntsis, thiab cov dej tsim nyog yuav tsum tau kho raws li qhov xwm txheej tiag.
3. Kev Ruaj Ntseg
Qhov kev xav tau kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho kev siv roughage rau cov nyuj nyuj. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws tsis tu ncua muab los ntawm roughage yuav tsum yog 50% -75% hauv kev npaj cov khoom noj mis nyuj nyuj, thiab roughage yuav tsum muaj qhov sib npaug raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab theem kev loj hlob ntawm nyuj nyuj. Hom roughage twg yog qhov tsim nyog rau theem twg ntawm kev pub mis yuav tsum tau faib raws qhov tsim nyog. Cov nyuj hloov pauv feem ntau yog kev txhim kho ntawm rumen thiab pob txha pob txha. Cov txheej txheem kev noj zaub mov zoo yuav tsum tau hloov kho raws li kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob sai, rog, noj kom tsawg, thiab tso tawm. Lub sijhawm no, roughage nrog qeeb qeeb ntawm kev khiav tawm tus nqi tuaj yeem xaiv los noj.
Cov mis nyuj yuav tsum tsim nyog rau kev rog thiab tsis rog dhau thaum lub sijhawm qhuav. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau tswj lawv cov kev noj haus, peb tuaj yeem xaiv roughage xws li pobkws pobkws thiab Leymus Chinensis nrog rau kev tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav qeeb raws li qhov xav tau kev noj haus ntawm cov mis nyuj thaum lub sijhawm qhuav. Thaum lub sijhawm yug menyuam thaum ntxov, kev tshaib plab thiab noj cov mis nyuj tau poob qis, thiab cov menyuam yaus nrog cov suab nrov nrawm nrawm nrawm yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev pub mis. Lub hom phiaj pub mis nyuj nyuj thaum lub sijhawm pub niam mis yog kom tau txais qhov ntau tshaj kom tau raws li qhov xav tau kev noj haus ntawm kev tsim cov mis thiab ua kom rov qab rog, yog li cov qauv kev noj haus ntawm lub sijhawm no yuav tsum muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab nrawm los ntawm cov lus qhia. Dhau li, silage thiab alfalfa tuaj yeem pub mis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cev xeeb tub lig thiab lub sijhawm pub niam mis, yuav tsum tau them nyiaj ntau dua rau cov lus ceeb toom ntawm roughage.
4. Ntxiv dag zog rau kev noj haus thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm nyuj nyuj
Kev siv tus nqi ntawm roughage ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog qib kev pub mis thiab kev tswj hwm cov mis nyuj. Tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb thiab tsim nyog pub mis thiab kev tswj hwm tuaj yeem khaws cov mis nyuj kom qab los noj mov thiab txhim kho kev noj zaub mov thiab zom tau yooj yim ntawm roughage. Ua ntej tshaj, peb yuav tsum muab kev xis nyob ib puag ncig pub mis rau cov nyuj mis nyuj, ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov ntsuas kub, av noo, thiab huab cua zoo, tswj kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig ntawm tus nyuj, ntxuav cov quav hauv lub sijhawm, thiab hloov lub ncoo ntau zaus. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, yuav tsum muaj kev ntsuas zoo kom tsis txhob raug kev kub ntxhov siab hauv nyuj nyuj. Nyuj mis nyuj yuav tsum tau txhuam 1 mus rau 2 zaug hauv ib hnub kom muaj kev so kom txaus thiab chaw ua si kom ntseeg tau tias cov nyuj muaj qee lub sijhawm ua si txhua hnub, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv thiab qab ntawm cov nyuj. Muab cov nyuj mis nyuj nrog cov dej haus txaus thiab huv. Ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev pub zaub mov thiab txwv tsis pub pub mis rau cov nyuj mis nyuj.
Kev ntsuas txhawm rau txhim kho Kev Siv Tus Nqi Nyuaj rau Cov Nyuj Nyuj
1.Qhov kev noj haus ntawm roughage
Ntxiv nrog rau muab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, roughage muaj cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
⑴ Txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov zom zom zom ua haujlwm ntawm cov nyuj.
Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev zom zaub mov muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nyuj los ntawm kev pub roughage ua ntej thiab nce kev faib ua feem ntawm roughage ib qib zuj zus.
⑵ Txhawb nqa cov lus xaiv ntawm cov nyuj nyuj.
Ib tus neeg tawv nqaij yog lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev hauv cov txheej txheem zom zaub mov ntawm cov tawv nqaij. Ruminant tuaj yeem nqos tau cov qaub ncaug ntau, uas yog alkaline thiab tuaj yeem ua kom cov kua qaub ua los ntawm rumen fermentation, yog li tswj kev txheeb ze ruaj ntseg ntawm nce acidity (pH). Rumen pH tus nqi yog qhov ruaj khov, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob metabolic xws li acidosis, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob rumen thiab txhim kho kev zom zaub mov ntawm roughage.
⑶ Nws tuaj yeem tswj tus nqi mis nyuj khov.
Cov khoom lag luam degradation ntawm roughage hauv cov rumen feem ntau yog acetic acid, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej ntawm lub cev rog thiab mis nyuj sib xyaw ua ke. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom ntawm roughage tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov ruaj khov mis nyuj tus nqi.
⑷ Ua kom lub plab zom mov txhawm rau ua kom satiety.
Hauv qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev, xws li lub sijhawm qhuav, kev noj cov mis nyuj tuaj yeem tswj tau.
⑴ Tsim nyog ua
Kev txiav thiab txiav txim siab yog cov txheej txheem feem ntau hauv kev ua roughage. Feem ntau, qhov luv luv ntawm roughage yog 2-3 cm. Kev txiav luv luv txo lub sijhawm xaiv ntawm nyuj nyuj, thiab ntev dhau los txo kev pub mis nyuj nyuj. Kev kneading thiab txiav ntawm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo thiab lwm yam qoob loo ua ntej silage tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog txhim kho silage zoo tab sis kuj txhim kho kev siv silage. Txiav quav nyab ua ntej sib tov tuaj yeem txhim kho sib xyaw ua ke ntawm TMR, txo cov tsiaj xaiv thiab nce tus nqi siv. Pobkws, nplej thiab txhuv nplej, qhov ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov zom tuaj yeem nce ntxiv 20%, thiab cov ntsiab lus protein tuaj yeem nce ntxiv 1-1.5 zaug. Granulation ntawm Alfalfa tsis tsuas yog txo qhov poob ntawm cov as -ham tab sis tseem txhim kho kev siv tus nqi ntawm alfalfa. Tom qab kev sib xyaw khaws cia ntawm cov nplej sib xyaw nrog 0.3 ammonium, qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cellulose hauv cov cawv txiv hmab tuaj yeem txhim kho. Ntxiv kev npaj cov kab mob lactic acid thiab npaj cellulase rau silage raw cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem nce qhov kev siv cov silage los ntawm 30%~ 50%.
⑵. Txhim kho kev noj haus muaj pes tsawg leeg
Raws li kev xav tau zaub mov noj thiab cov txheej txheem pub mis nyuj nyuj, cov zaub mov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom noj, thiab kev tsim khoom tiag tiag ntawm cov nyuj nyuj, cov qauv noj zaub mov tau tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Cov khoom xyaw noj yuav tsum muaj ntau yam sib txawv thiab muaj feem sib faib tsawg (tam sim no, muaj ntau dua 40 yam khoom noj sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov tiaj nyom loj hauv Suav teb), kom ntseeg tau qib thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov muaj fiber ntau thiab txhim kho qhov sib npaug thiab tus nqi tag nrho ntawm kev noj haus cov zaub mov. Xaiv cov tsiaj pub dawb los ntawm mycotoxin paug, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog quav nyab, pob kws silage thiab los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev ua qoob loo, kom ntseeg tau tias kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj. Qhov sib piv ntawm mloog zoo rau roughage yog qhov tsim nyog. Feem ntau, cov nyuj mis nyuj yuav tsum noj roughage (cov teeb meem qhuav) uas suav txog 1.5% ~ 2.0% thiab mloog zoo (qhov teeb meem qhuav) uas suav txog 1.0% ~ 1.5% ntawm lawv lub cev hnyav feem. Kev noj zaub mov ADF cov ntsiab lus tau siab dua 20% thiab NDF cov ntsiab lus siab dua 25%, uas tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los txhim kho kev tso tawm ib txhij ntawm cov carbohydrates yooj yim thiab ua rau cov protein zom tau yooj yim.
⑶. Ua kom zoo dua TMR ua thev naus laus zis
Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm TMR sib tov yog qhov tsim nyog. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntxiv ntawm kab rov tav TMR tov khoom yog qhov zoo rau ntxiv, quav nyab, silage, thiab qej. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntxiv ntawm ntsug TMR tov khoom yog quav nyab, quav nyab, quav nyab, thiab nplua ntxiv. Lub sijhawm sib xyaw ntawm TMR yuav tsum yog 3 txog 8 feeb tom qab pub ntxiv zaum kawg. Cov dej noo ntawm TMR yog qhov tsim nyog, feem ntau 40%~ 50%. Qhov loj ntawm TMR cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim nyog. Qhov loj me me ntawm TMR kev noj zaub mov yuav cuam tshuam rau kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov as -ham los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov suab thaj hauv cov mis nyuj nyuj, thaj chaw sib cuag ntawm cov kab mob chyme thiab rumen thiab cov pa tawm ntawm chyme hauv cov rumen.
⑷. Ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj hwm kev pub mis
Txhim kho cov mis nyuj ib puag ncig yug me nyuam, ua txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshav kub thiab txias lub caij ntuj sov, tiv thaiv lub caij ntuj no txias thiab ua kom sov, thiab tso cua tawm, kom ntseeg tau cov dej haus huv thiab tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim thiab kis tau tus mob. Ua kom cov TMR pub sijhawm ntau ntxiv, ntxiv me ntsis ntxiv rau lub sijhawm, kom ntseeg tau tias cov nyuj mis nyuj tuaj yeem pub dawb thoob plaws ib hnub. Muaj chaw txaus rau cov nyuj mis nyuj los pub. Txhim kho kev nplij siab hauv av hauv kev pub mis thiab txav chaw thiab nce lub sijhawm so thiab cov lus xaiv ntawm nyuj nyuj. Lub sijhawm so ntawm cov mis nyuj yuav tsum yog 12 teev, thiab tag nrho cov lus xaiv lub sijhawm yuav tsum ntau dua 8 teev.
⑸ Xav txog rumen fermentation regulators
Rumen fermentation regulators tau ntxiv los txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig rumen thiab txhim kho kev hloov pauv tau zoo.