Antibody hais txog kev tiv thaiv cov protein tsim los ntawm lub cev vim kev txhawb nqa ntawm antigen. Nws (immunoglobulin tshuaj tsis yog tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob) yog cov protein loj uas zoo li Y zais los ntawm cov ntshav ntshav (cov hlwb B) thiab siv los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws xws li cov kab mob thiab kab mob. Nws tsuas yog pom nyob hauv cov ntshav thiab lwm yam kua dej hauv lub cev ntawm cov pob txha, thiab cov xovtooj ntawm tes ntawm B cells. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem lees paub qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws, thiab lub hom phiaj txawv teb chaws hu ua antigen.
2. Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
Antiboby yog hom immunoglobulin uas tuaj yeem tshwj xeeb khi rau antigen.
A. Antibody tuaj yeem faib ua lectin, sedimentation, antitoxin, lysin, opsonin, nruab nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, ua kom tiav kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab lwm yam raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
B. Raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nws tau muab faib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib txwm muaj (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntuj), xws li tiv thaiv A thiab tiv thaiv kab mob B hauv cov ntshav ABO, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob microbial.
C.
D. Raws li lub xeev agglutination ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antigen, nws tau muab faib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IgM ua tiav thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IgG tsis tiav.
3. Cov Qauv ntawm Antibody
X-ray siv lead ua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txheeb xyuas pom tias Ig yog tsim los ntawm plaub txoj hlua polypeptide, uas tau txuas nrog los ntawm cov lej sib txawv ntawm cov saw hlau sib txuas disulfide nruab nrab ntawm peptide saw. Ig tuaj yeem tsim tus qauv "Y" -shaped, hu ua Ig monomer, uas yog chav tsev yooj yim uas tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv txheej txheem saum toj no ntawm Ig lub teeb saw thiab cov saw hnyav, qee hom Ig tseem muaj lwm cov khoom pabcuam, xws li J saw thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj zais cia. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, qee qhov ntawm peptide saw ntawm Ig molecules tau yooj yim hydrolyzed rau hauv qhov sib txawv los ntawm protease. Papain thiab pepsin yog ob qho uas feem ntau siv Ig proteolytic enzymes, uas tuaj yeem siv los kawm txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ig kom cais tawm thiab ua kom huv tshwj xeeb 12 cov khoom siv polypeptide.
4. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Antibody
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog nws cov qauv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntu ntawm V cheeb tsam thiab thaj tsam c ntawm tib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ua haujlwm. V-cheeb tsam thiab thaj tsam C ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv muaj qee txoj cai hauv kev hloov pauv hloov, uas ua rau lawv muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cheeb tsam V thiab C txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
A. Tshem tawm cov co toxins thiab tiv thaiv kab mob nkag mus Paub thiab tshwj xeeb khi rau antigen yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Tus qauv uas ua tiav txoj haujlwm no yog thaj av V ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas CDR ib feem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lees paub thiab khi ntawm cov antigen tshwj xeeb.
B. Qhib ua kom tiav los tsim cov kab mob sib kis kom yaj thiab rhuav tshem cov cell Tom qab IgG1 ~ 3 thiab IgM khi rau cov antigen sib xws, thiab cov chaw sib txuas ua ke hauv CH2 thiab CH3 tus lej tuaj yeem raug nthuav tawm vim yog kev hloov pauv hloov, yog li ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv los ntawm txoj hauv kev qub thiab tsim ntau yam kev ua haujlwm. IgM, IgG1 thiab IgG3 muaj lub peev xwm muaj zog los qhib kev ua kom tiav dua IgG2.
C. Tswj phagocytosis thiab ADCC IgG tuaj yeem khi rau cov cell nrog cov neeg txais khoom sib xws ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm nws Fc ntu, ua rau muaj kev phom sij sib txawv.
a Opsonization hais txog kev khi ntawm Fc ntu ntawm IgG cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog IgG1 thiab IgG3) rau cov neeg txais Fc sib xws ntawm qhov chaw ntawm neutrophils thiab macrophages, yog li txhim kho phagocytosis ntawm phagocytes.
b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) hais txog cov cell nrog tua cov haujlwm (xws li NK cells) lees paub Fc ntu ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes, xws li kab mob vais lav ntawm tes lossis qog nqaij hlav, thiab tua lub hom phiaj ntawm tes ncaj qha los ntawm Fc receptors ntawm lawv qhov chaw.
D. Kev kho kom haum xeeb hom I mob siab rau IgE yog cytophilic antibody, uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws nkag siab los ntawm kev khi rau IgE kev sib raug zoo Fc tus neeg txais ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qog mast thiab basophils los ntawm nws Fc ntu.
E. Hla txoj hlab ntaws thiab mucosa Hauv tib neeg, lgG yog tib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm txoj hnyuv. Lub trophoblast hlwb ntawm leej niam sab ntawm lub tsho me nyuam tuaj yeem nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb IgG thauj cov protein hu ua FcRn. IgG tuaj yeem xaiv khi rau FcRn, yog li xa mus rau lub cell trophoblast thiab nquag nkag mus rau cov ntshav ncig ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab.
a Muab faib ua TD-Ag thiab TI-Ag raws li seb cov hlwb puas yuav tsum tau koom nrog.
b. Raws li kev sib raug zoo nrog lub cev, nws tau muab faib ua heterophilic Ag, tus kheej-Ag thiab idiotypic Ag.
c. Raws li qhov chaw ntawm antigen hauv APC, nws tau muab faib ua endogenous thiab exogenous Ag.
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
5
Qhov chaw khi tshwj xeeb
Epitope
Paratope
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muaj nuj nqi
Ua rau muaj mob thiab ua xua
Neutralize antigen, tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv
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loj heev
Muaj nyob hauv txhua hom cell; feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob thiab cov hu ua fungi.