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Antigen vs Antibody

sab-ntws-immunoassay

BALLYA Antigen thiab Antibody

Qhov tshwj xeeb Antibody rau β-lactams
Miv. Tsis yog.QebQhia paub tshuajLFA (Colloidal Kub) (ppb)
Anti-000261Cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom noj cov khoom noj uas muaj lactam hauv cov ntshavPenicillin G.2 ~ 4
Penicillin V.2.5-4
Piperacillin4 ~ 6
Piperacillin4
Amoxicillin4
Oxacillin10 ~ 20
Cloxacillin10 ~ 20
Dicloxacillin7 ~ 12
Dicloxacillin10 ~ 20
Cefquinome10 ~ 20
Cefacetrile12 ~ 17
Cefacetrile3 ~ 5
Cefoperazone4 ~ 6
Cephapirin6 ~ 10
Cefalotin6 ~ 10
Cefalotin80 ~ 100
Cefazolin40 ~ 60
Cefalexin600 ~ 800
Qhov tshwj xeeb Antibody rau Tetracyclines
Miv. Tsis yog.QebQhia paub tshuajLFA (Colloidal Kub) (ppb)
Anti-000262TetracyclinesTetracycline6 ~ 80
Oxytetracycline6 ~ 80
Doxycycline6 ~ 80
Chlortetracycline6 ~ 80
Tshwj xeeb Antibody rau Sulfonamides I (Sulfo I)
Miv. Tsis yog.QebQhia paub tshuajIC50 (pwb)Hla-Cov Tshuaj (%)
Anti-000271Sulfonamides Kuv (Sulfo I)Sulfametoxydiazine0.5100
Sulfamethoxazole0.5100
Sulfamethizole0.2250
Sulfathiazole0.5100
Sulfachloropyridazine225
Sulfamethoxypyridazine225
Sulfadimoxine510
Sulfadiazine510
Sulfadimoxine510
Sulfamonomethoxine510
Sulfamethazine510
Sulfaquinoxaline hmoov510
Sulfamerazine dawb acid510
Sulfisomidine510
Qhov tshwj xeeb Antibody rau Sulfonamides II (Sulfo II)
Miv. Tsis yog.QebQhia paub tshuajIC50 (pwb)Hla-Cov Tshuaj (%)
Anti-000272Sulfonamides II (Sulfo II)Sulfametoxydiazine0.3100
Sulfaquinoxaline hmoov0.3100
Sulfaquinoxaline hmoov0.3100
Phthalylsulfathiazole0.560
Phthalylsulfathiazole0.560
Sulfadimoxine0.560
Sulfadimoxine0.742.9
Sulfabenzamide0.742.9
Sulfabenzamide0.742.9
Sulfamethoxazole0.742.9
Sulfamethoxazole130
Sulfamethazine130
Sulfamethazine1.520
Sulfisomidine1.520
Sulfachloropyridazine1.520
Sulfamethoxypyridazine1.520
Sulfacetamide1.520
Sulfamethoxypyrazine1.520
Sulfamerazine dawb acid215
p-aminobenzenesulfonamide215
Sulfaphenazolum215
Sulfasalazine215
Sulfaguanidine215
Sulfamethoxazole310
Sulfapyridine56
Sulfamethizole74.3
Sulfathiazole152
Rau daim ntawv teev npe tag nrho antigen thiab antibody.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog dab tsi?

1. Antibody Txhais
Antibody hais txog kev tiv thaiv cov protein tsim los ntawm lub cev vim kev txhawb nqa ntawm antigen. Nws (immunoglobulin tshuaj tsis yog tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob) yog cov protein loj uas zoo li Y zais los ntawm cov ntshav ntshav (cov hlwb B) thiab siv los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws xws li cov kab mob thiab kab mob. Nws tsuas yog pom nyob hauv cov ntshav thiab lwm yam kua dej hauv lub cev ntawm cov pob txha, thiab cov xovtooj ntawm tes ntawm B cells. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem lees paub qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws, thiab lub hom phiaj txawv teb chaws hu ua antigen.
2. Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
3. Cov Qauv ntawm Antibody
X-ray siv lead ua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txheeb xyuas pom tias Ig yog tsim los ntawm plaub txoj hlua polypeptide, uas tau txuas nrog los ntawm cov lej sib txawv ntawm cov saw hlau sib txuas disulfide nruab nrab ntawm peptide saw. Ig tuaj yeem tsim tus qauv "Y" -shaped, hu ua Ig monomer, uas yog chav tsev yooj yim uas tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv txheej txheem saum toj no ntawm Ig lub teeb saw thiab cov saw hnyav, qee hom Ig tseem muaj lwm cov khoom pabcuam, xws li J saw thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj zais cia. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, qee qhov ntawm peptide saw ntawm Ig molecules tau yooj yim hydrolyzed rau hauv qhov sib txawv los ntawm protease. Papain thiab pepsin yog ob qho uas feem ntau siv Ig proteolytic enzymes, uas tuaj yeem siv los kawm txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ig kom cais tawm thiab ua kom huv tshwj xeeb 12 cov khoom siv polypeptide.
4. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Antibody
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog nws cov qauv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntu ntawm V cheeb tsam thiab thaj tsam c ntawm tib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ua haujlwm. V-cheeb tsam thiab thaj tsam C ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv muaj qee txoj cai hauv kev hloov pauv hloov, uas ua rau lawv muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cheeb tsam V thiab C txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

A. Tshem tawm cov co toxins thiab tiv thaiv kab mob nkag mus
Paub thiab tshwj xeeb khi rau antigen yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Tus qauv uas ua tiav txoj haujlwm no yog thaj av V ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas CDR ib feem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lees paub thiab khi ntawm cov antigen tshwj xeeb.

B. Qhib ua kom tiav los tsim cov kab mob sib kis kom yaj thiab rhuav tshem cov cell
Tom qab IgG1 ~ 3 thiab IgM khi rau cov antigen sib xws, thiab cov chaw sib txuas ua ke hauv CH2 thiab CH3 tus lej tuaj yeem raug nthuav tawm vim yog kev hloov pauv hloov, yog li ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv los ntawm txoj hauv kev qub thiab tsim ntau yam kev ua haujlwm. IgM, IgG1 thiab IgG3 muaj lub peev xwm muaj zog los qhib kev ua kom tiav dua IgG2.

C. Tswj phagocytosis thiab ADCC
IgG tuaj yeem khi rau cov cell nrog cov neeg txais khoom sib xws ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm nws Fc ntu, ua rau muaj kev phom sij sib txawv.

a Opsonization hais txog kev khi ntawm Fc ntu ntawm IgG cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog IgG1 thiab IgG3) rau cov neeg txais Fc sib xws ntawm qhov chaw ntawm neutrophils thiab macrophages, yog li txhim kho phagocytosis ntawm phagocytes.

b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) hais txog cov cell nrog tua cov haujlwm (xws li NK cells) lees paub Fc ntu ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes, xws li kab mob vais lav ntawm tes lossis qog nqaij hlav, thiab tua lub hom phiaj ntawm tes ncaj qha los ntawm Fc receptors ntawm lawv qhov chaw.

D. Kev kho kom haum xeeb hom I mob siab rau
IgE yog cytophilic antibody, uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws nkag siab los ntawm kev khi rau IgE kev sib raug zoo Fc tus neeg txais ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qog mast thiab basophils los ntawm nws Fc ntu.

E. Hla txoj hlab ntaws thiab mucosa
Hauv tib neeg, lgG yog tib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm txoj hnyuv. Lub trophoblast hlwb ntawm leej niam sab ntawm lub tsho me nyuam tuaj yeem nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb IgG thauj cov protein hu ua FcRn. IgG tuaj yeem xaiv khi rau FcRn, yog li xa mus rau lub cell trophoblast thiab nquag nkag mus rau cov ntshav ncig ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab.
A. Polyclonal antibody
Ntuj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm epitopes. Siv cov tshuaj antigen no los txhawb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem qhib ntau lub cell B cell tib lub sijhawm. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsim tawm yuav muaj ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam epitopes sib txawv, yog li nws hu ua polyclonal antibodies. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polyclonal feem ntau tau txais los ntawm tsiaj cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob rov qab los lossis cov neeg muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.

B. Monoclonal tshuaj tiv thaiv
Monoclonal antibody thev naus laus zis muab txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev kuaj mob thiab kho kab mob hauv daim ntawv thov kho mob. Raws li tshuaj siv tshuaj kho mob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal feem ntau yog siv hauv cov qog nqaij hlav, kab mob autoimmune, kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev thiab kev kis kab mob. Monoclonal antibodies kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho mob qog nqaij hlav. Nws txuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal tiv thaiv qog nqaij hlav antigen rau kev siv tshuaj kho mob lossis siv tshuaj kho hluav taws xob, thiab siv qhov kev lees paub tshwj xeeb thiab khi tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal kom nqa cov tshuaj mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tes thiab tua nws ncaj qha.

Antigen yog dab tsi?

1. Antigens Txhais
Antigen (abbr. Ag) hais txog cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov txheej txheem txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm immunoglobulins ntawm B cells lossis ua tiav los ntawm antigen nthuav tawm cov cell thiab ua ke nrog qhov loj histocompatibility complex los ua ib qho nyuaj rau qhib T cells thiab ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua.
2. Hom antigens
Raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm antigen, nws tau muab faib ua ob pawg: ua tiav antigen thiab antigen tsis tiav. Ua kom tiav antigen, sau ua antigen, yog chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj ob qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tsis muaj zog. Piv txwv, feem ntau cov protein, kab mob, kab mob, kab mob exotoxins, thiab lwm yam yog cov antigens ua tiav. Ua tsis tiav antigen, lossis hapten, yog cov khoom uas tsuas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tab sis tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Raws li seb antigens txhawb nqa B cells los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xav tau T cells los pab hauv kev faib tawm lossis tsis yog, nws tuaj yeem faib ua thymus-dependent antigen (TD-Ag) thiab thymus-independent antigen (TI-Ag). TD-Ag hais txog cov tshuaj antigenic uas xav tau T cell pab thiab macrophages kom qhib B cells los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. TI-Ag hais txog ua antigen uas tuaj yeem ncaj qha txhawb B cells los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yam tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm T cells. Nta: tsuas tuaj yeem ua rau cov lus teb tsis txaus ntseeg; tsuas yog tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IgM; tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev nco.

Raws li qhov chaw ntawm antigen, antigen tuaj yeem faib ua:
A. Xenoantigens: antigens ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv xws li cov kab mob pathogenic thiab toxoids;
B. Alloantigens: antigens uas muaj nyob ntawm cov tib neeg sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg, xws li HLA, ABO ntshav pawg antigen, Rh antigen, MHC, thiab lwm yam;
C. Autoantigens: muab faib ua qhov zais zais autoantigens, hloov kho autoantigens, thiab lwm yam, xws li lub qhov muag lens protein, thiab lwm yam;
D. Heterophilic antigens: tseem hu ua Forssman antigens, uas yog cov antigens ntau yam uas tsis muaj hom tshwj xeeb nyob rau saum npoo ntawm ntau hom. Lawv tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv tsiaj, nroj tsuag, kab mob me me thiab tib neeg, xws li hemolytic streptococcus. Hom antigen ntawm tib neeg endocardium lossis glomerular hauv qab daus membrane yog heterophilic antigen.

Ntxiv rau, antigens tuaj yeem faib ua:
A. Endogenous antigen: hais txog cov antigen uas tsim los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes nws tus kheej;
B. Exogenous antigen: hais txog antigen tsis tsim los ntawm APC nws tus kheej. Thiab ntuj antigen (ntuj Ag), antigen dag (artificial Ag), hluavtaws antigen (hluavtaws Ag), thiab lwm yam.
3. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm antigens
A. Cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm lub cev hais txog cov tshuaj antigenic uas nkag mus rau hauv cov nqaij hauv lub cev, uas yuav tsum txawv ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Antigens feem ntau hais txog cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, xws li kab mob, kab mob, paj ntoos, thiab lwm yam; antigens tseem tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm hom tsiaj sib txawv; cov tshuaj nruab nrab ntawm allogens tuaj yeem dhau los ua antigens; qee yam khoom sib cais hauv lub cev kuj tuaj yeem dhau los ua Antigen.

B. Macromolecularity txhais tau hais tias cov tshuaj uas tsim cov tshuaj antigen feem ntau yog cov tshuaj macromolecular nrog cov txheeb ze molecular ntau dua 10,000. Qhov loj dua qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev, qhov muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov protein ntau yog cov antigens zoo.

C. Qhov tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias cov tshuaj antigen tuaj yeem tshwj xeeb khi rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xws lossis cov nyhuv T cell.
4. Tus qauv ntawm antigens
Antigens txawv ntawm lub cev nws tus kheej hauv cov qauv tshuaj thiab muaj lub cev txawv teb chaws:

A. Cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws. Los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tsiaj sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj sib txawv, muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. Piv txwv li, ntshav qab zib nees thiab ntau yam kab mob me me tsis cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg, yog li lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo heev. Nees ntshav qab zib muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tus luav thiab mules, yog li kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog.

B. Cov tshuaj Allogeneic. Xws li tib neeg cov ntshav liab cov khoom antigens thiab tib neeg leukocyte antigen.

C. Cov khoom siv. Cov khoom siv tus kheej feem ntau tsis tiv thaiv kab mob. Qee yam tshuaj, xws li zais nws tus kheej cov khoom (qhov muag crystallin, phev, thiab lwm yam), ib txwm raug cais los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Tab sis thaum qhov teeb meem tawg, cov tshuaj no nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntshav thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev thiab dhau los ua autoantigens.

Antigen vs Antibody

SNCov yam ntxwvantigenantibody
1conceptionTxhua yam tshuaj uas tuaj yeem qhib thiab ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.Cov protein uas tuaj yeem paub tshwj xeeb thiab khi antigen.
2NtsiabFeem ntau cov protein, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem yog polysaccharide, lipid, nucleic acidprotein
3Keeb kwmHauv vivo lossis hauv vitro, feem ntau hauv vitroNyob rau hauv vivo
4Yam
a Muab faib ua TD-Ag thiab TI-Ag raws li seb cov hlwb puas yuav tsum tau koom nrog.
b. Raws li kev sib raug zoo nrog lub cev, nws tau muab faib ua heterophilic Ag, tus kheej-Ag thiab idiotypic Ag.
c. Raws li qhov chaw ntawm antigen hauv APC, nws tau muab faib ua endogenous thiab exogenous Ag.
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
5Qhov chaw khi tshwj xeebEpitopeParatope
6muaj nuj nqiUa rau muaj mob thiab ua xuaNeutralize antigen, tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv
7loj heevMuaj nyob hauv txhua hom cell; feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob thiab cov hu ua fungi.Tsuas yog muaj nyob hauv qee hom cell.
8qhov chawNws yog qhov sib txawv heev nrog cov qauv sib txawv sib txawv thiab feem ntau muaj cov epitopes sib txawv.
Nws muaj peb ntu tseem ceeb:
-Ob txoj hlua teeb
-Ob txoj hlua hnyav
-Plaub peptides
9complexityNruab nrab;
Nyob vim yog kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws hauv cov noob ntawm tes.
Siab heev;
Cov tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj uas khi rau cov antigens tshwj xeeb.
10Tau qhov twg losFeem ntau los ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws (kab mob, kab mob thiab mycotoxins).
Ntuj tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub cev (B lymphocytes lossis B cells).
11Piv txwv1. Exogenous antigens: kab mob, kab mob, fungi, thiab lwm yam.
2. Endogenous antigens: hom ntshav antigens, HLA (histocompatibility leukocyte antigen), thiab lwm yam.
3. Autoantigens: nucleoprotein, nucleic acid, thiab lwm yam.
Cov kua mis, kua muag, qaub ncaug, hws thiab hnoos qeev.

xaus

Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm antigen thiab antibody. Antigen yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas tuaj yeem txhawb lub cev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib hom tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig, ib hom protein tsim los ntawm cov ntshav ntshav. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim hauv lub cev kua xws li cov ntshav. Nws tuaj yeem tshwj xeeb khi rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib xws thiab muaj lub zog tiv thaiv kab mob.

Hauv qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, antigen yog cov protein txawv teb chaws. Piv txwv, qee leej neeg ua xua rau paj ntoos. Cov paj ntoos tuaj yeem pom ua antigen los txhawb lub cev los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xws, yog li muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb antigen vs antibody.
References

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