2. Yog C & T pom tsis tau, nws siv tsis tau, rov kuaj dua.
Nyeem ntawv txhais lus
Xa mus rau qhov kev qhia
tau Tuab
Cov lus nug tsis tseem ceeb: Beta lactam yog dab tsi?
Dab tsi yog beta lactam?
Beta lactam
Cyclic amides nrog cov ntawv Greek rau tus lej ntawm:
-lactam (plaub lub ntsej muag ntiv nplhaib). Cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo li no muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob tua kab mob, tsis muaj tshuaj lom, nthuav dav thiab ua tau zoo hauv chaw kho mob. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov saw pauv sab, tau tsim ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib txawv thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob, nrog rau ntau yam khoom siv tshuaj kho mob.
Beta lactam qauv
Cov yam ntxwv yam ntxwv yog beta lactam nplhaib, 5-membered ring yog penicillin series, 6-membered ring yog cephalosporin series.
Beta lactam nplhaib
Cov molecule muaj pawg carboxyl ntawm ib kawg thiab ib pawg amino ntawm ib kawg. Cov molecule nws tus kheej yog cov qauv cyclic tsim los ntawm kev tawm tsam. Lub nplhaib lact-lactam yog tus qauv tso rau tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab ntau qhov chaw tshiab tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov ntawv txuas.
Beta lactamase xeem
Cov hau kev rau kuaj xyuas β-lactamase suav nrog txoj kev acidity thiab txoj kev iodine.
Txoj kev ntsuas kua qaub: Siv β-lactamase txhawm rau hydrolyze penicillin rau penicillin acid, pH tus nqi qis dua 6.8, siv phenol liab qhia, xim liab (ntshav) (npaj daws: citrate tsis pH 8.5) → daj (Hauv qab pH6.8).
Txoj kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej iodine: β-lactamase rhuav lub nplhaib lact-lactam, thiab iodine khi rau qhov qhib ring-lactam lub nplhaib kom ua rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab xiav-iodine tsis muaj xim.
Beta lactam mechanism ntawm kev ua
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm ntau yam antibiotics-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob zoo sib xws. Lawv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cell phab ntsa mucin synthetase, penicillin khi cov protein (PBPs), yog li ua rau cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa mucin synthesis, ua rau cov kab mob cell phab ntsa puas, Lub cev o thiab lysis. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov ua rau tuag ntawm cov kab mob yuav tsum suav nrog ua rau cov kab mob ua rau lub cev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab cov kab mob hloov pauv yam tsis muaj autolysin pom qhov tsis kam. Cov tsiaj tsis muaj phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tshuaj β-lactam. Yog li ntawd, chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj no tau xaiv cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm cov kab mob thiab muaj tshuaj lom tsawg rau tus tswv tsev.
Qee qhov piv txwv beta lactam
Txuas ntxiv spectrum beta lactam
Ntev-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) yog β-lactamase tus yam ntxwv tsis ua haujlwm ntawm nqaim-spectrum thiab broad-spectrum cephalosporins, mono cyclic antibiotics, thiab anti-Gram-negative penicillin.
Penicillin beta lactam
Penicillin yog beta-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws hais txog chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj penicillin hauv cov qauv, uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob thiab ua rau muaj cov kab mob tua kab mob thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov kab mob cell. Kho tshuaj tua kab mob.
Cephalosporin beta lactam
Cephalosporins tau siv tshuaj tua kab mob dav. Cephalosporins muaj cephem semi-synthetic tshuaj tua kab mob. Lawv yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob β-lactam thiab yog cov khoom siv ntawm 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) hauv antibiotics-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob. Kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam.
Beta lactam tshuaj
Beta lactam tshuaj tua kab mob
Tshuaj tua kab mob beta-lactam xa mus rau chav kawm tshuaj tua kab mob loj nrog a
beta-lactam nplhaib hauv lawv cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg, suav nrog cov nquag siv penicillin thiab cephalosporins hauv cov txheej txheem kho mob, nrog rau cov cephalomycins tshiab, thiomycins, thiab mono cyclic beta-lactam thiab lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv atypical beta-lactam. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo li no muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob tua kab mob, tsis muaj tshuaj lom, nthuav dav thiab ua tau zoo hauv chaw kho mob. Qhov tseem ceeb txhua yam tshuaj tua kab mob uas suav nrog beta-lactam core hauv lawv cov qauv txheej txheem yog beta-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws yog chav kawm uas siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
Beta lactamases inhibitors
β-lactamase inhibitors yog chav kawm tshiab ntawm drugs-lactam tshuaj. Plasmid xa khoom tsim tawm β-lactamase, uas ua rau hydrolysis ntawm qee cov tshuaj ' ring-lactam nplhaib thiab inactivation. Nws yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas cov kab mob tiv taus qee yam tshuaj antibiotics-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob (penicillins, cephalosporins).
Cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm beta lactam
Cov kev phiv los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob beta-lactam suav nrog: raws plab, kiv taub hau, ua pob, ua xua, sib kis kab mob, thiab qee zaum tshuaj tua kab mob beta-lactam tuaj yeem ua rau kub cev, ntuav, erythema, kab mob dermatitis, angioedema, thiab pseudo membrane enteritis.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob beta-lactam thiab beta-lactamase inhibitors feem ntau mob thiab mob thaum txhaj tib lub sijhawm.
Kev tsis haum tshuaj beta lactam
Ua rau lub cev tsis haum rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob beta-lactam. Kev ua xua rau ib tus penicillin qhia tias muaj peev xwm ua xua rau txhua tus penicillin, tab sis kev cuam tshuam kev sib tshuam ntawm β-lactams yog qhov sib txawv. Kwv yees li 10% ntawm cov neeg mob ua xua rau beta-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob.
Cov lus nug tsis tseem ceeb: Tetracycline yog dab tsi?
Tetracycline yog dab tsi?
Tetracycline
Tetracycline yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws hauv tsev neeg tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob. Ob leeg nws tus kheej thiab nws cov ntsev yog daj lossis daj daj muaju, uas ruaj khov heev hauv lub xeev qhuav. Tsuas yog chlortetracycline, lwm yam kev daws teeb meem ntawm tetracycline tsev neeg yog qhov ruaj khov. Tetracycline yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus, me ntsis soluble hauv dej thiab qis cawv, tab sis tsis yaj hauv ether thiab roj av ether. Tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob suav nrog
chlortetracycline,
oxytetracycline, thiab tetracycline uas muaj cov qauv niam txiv ib txwm muaj.
Tetracycline qauv
Tetracycline muaj cov qauv tshuaj molecular ntawm C22H24N2O8 thiab lub cev hnyav ntawm 444.45. Nws yog ib qho broad-spectrum tshuaj tua kab mob. Daj daj, iab, melting point 170 ~ 175 ℃ (decomposed). Me ntsis soluble hauv dej, soluble hauv ethanol thiab acetone, ruaj khov hauv huab cua, tab sis yooj yim nqus dej noo, tsis pom kev los ntawm tshav ntuj muaj zog.
Lub npe tetracycline
Lub sij hawm "tetracycline" kuj tseem siv los qhia tetra cyclic system ntawm qhov sib xyaw; "tetracycline" yog cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tib tetra cyclic system.
Tetracycline ua haujlwm li cas?
Tetracycline mechanism ntawm kev nqis tes ua
Tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob tsim ib qho kev thim rov qab sib txuas nrog 30S sub chav ntawm cov kab mob sab hauv kab mob ribosomes, txwv tsis pub cov protein sib sau thiab ua rau muaj cov kab mob tua kab mob. Thaum cov tshuaj tua kab mob siab tsawg, qhov kev sib tw thim rov qab sib tw no tseem yuav plam cov txiaj ntsig, thiab cov protein sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kab mob yuav txuas ntxiv mus. Tetracycline tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv mitochondrial protein synthesis los ntawm kev khi rau mitochondrial 70S sub unit. Lub peev xwm ntawm tetracycline los khi rau ribosome 80S sub unit ntawm eukaryotic cells yog qhov tsis muaj zog, yog li lub peev xwm los txwv tsis pub cov protein sib sau hauv cov hlwb eukaryotic kuj tseem qaug zog. Qhov no yuav yog qhov laj thawj rau qhov muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tetracycline thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim me me rau tib neeg.
Kev noj tshuaj tetracycline
Noj tetracycline kom tiav raws li koj daim ntawv xaj tshuaj. Ua raws txhua cov lus qhia ntawm daim ntawv sau tshuaj. Tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj loj lossis me me ntev dua qhov pom zoo. Noj tetracycline ntawm lub plab khoob tsawg kawg ib teev ua ntej lossis ob teev tom qab noj mov. Tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj no nrog mis nyuj lossis lwm yam
khoom noj siv mis tshwj tsis yog koj tus kws kho mob qhia rau koj. Cov khoom siv mis ua rau nws nyuaj rau koj lub cev nqus cov tshuaj.
Tetracycline tshuaj chav kawm
Tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob
Tetracycline yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob sab-spectrum tsim los ntawm actinomycetes, suav nrog chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, thiab cov khoom siv ib nrab hluavtaws methotomycin, muaj zog Cov qauv ntawm erythromycin, dimethylaminotetracycline thiab zoo li txhua tus muaj tetraphenyl thawj lub cev pob txha.
Tetracycline hydrochloride hmoov
Nws yog tshuaj tua kab mob uas ua haujlwm los ntawm kev txwv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob no tsuas yog kho cov kab mob sib kis. Nws tsis siv rau kev kis kab mob (piv txwv li khaub thuas, khaub thuas). Siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob thaum nws tsis xav tau tuaj yeem ua rau nws siv tsis tau rau kev kis mob yav tom ntej. Tetracycline kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv ua ke nrog tshuaj tua kab mob los kho qee yam mob plab.
Nco tseg: Kev thov cov khoom no ntau dua 2g / hnub tuaj yeem ua rau lub siab ua rau tuag taus. Cov khoom no tsis muaj cov yeeb ncuab tshwj xeeb. Thaum cov tshuaj tau siv ntau dhau, nws tsuas yog kho cov tsos mob thiab rov kho cov dej haus txhawb kev kho mob.
Tetracycline doxycycline
Tetracycline doxycycline yog tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tetracycline, uas tuaj yeem kho tus mob Chlamydia mycoplasma. Nws cov hydrochloride feem ntau yog lub teeb daj lossis daj crystalline hmoov; ntxhiab thiab iab. Soluble hauv dej lossis methanol, me ntsis soluble hauv ethanol lossis acetone, tsis yaj hauv chloroform. Qee cov tshuaj siv hluavtaws uas muaj doxycycline ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau ions hauv dej, tsim cov tshuaj liab, txo qhov ua tau zoo.
Dab tsi yog tetracycline kho
Tetracycline rau pob txuv
Tetracycline ua haujlwm los ntawm kev qeeb qeeb kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob uas ua rau pob txuv. Nws kuj tseem ua haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kab mob, pab txo khawm o thiab liab. Tetracycline tau siv los kho mob me me mus rau mob pob txuv, txawm hais tias qee zaum nws tau sau tseg rau tshwj xeeb yog mob pob txuv.
Tetracycline rau periodontics
Qee tus kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev siv tetracycline los kho ntau yam mob ntsig txog kab mob uas xav tias muaj kab mob muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob, tshwj xeeb rau P. gingivalis thiab Actinomycetes; tib lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem ua raws li cov hniav hauv paus. Tsis yooj yim ntxuav los ntawm cov pos hniav crepuscular kua, thiab tom qab ntawd khaws cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau ntev. Cov tshuaj Tetracycline tsis tsuas yog muaj cov kab mob bacteriostatic, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm tswj hwm lub cev tus tswv tsev, thiab cov lus teb tseem ceeb ntawm tus tswv tsev yog qhov tsis muaj kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj tetracycline.
Tetracycline phiv los
Tetracycline cov teebmeem tsis zoo
Nws tsis yog tshuaj lom heev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev mob tshwm sim feem ntau tshwm sim, xws li xeev siab, ntuav, tsis qab los noj mov, thiab kis mob thib ob; menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos tuaj yeem ua rau cov hniav txha hniav laus hypoplasia, cov hniav daj, tsim caries, thiab qeeb pob txha loj hlob; rov siv dua tuaj yeem ua rau kis mob ob zaug
Mob siabthrombophlebitis; xiam oob qhab thaum cev xeeb tub lig.
Tetracycline ua xua
Kev ua xua rau tetracycline yog ib qho kev mob tshwm sim ntawm tetracycline. Kev tsis haum tshuaj me me, ua pob tawv nqaij, ua pob thiab ua pob khaus, mob hnyav yuav ua rau muaj kev ceeb ntshai thiab lub hauv siab nruj, ua xua anaphylactic, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej.
Tetracycline contraindications
Vim tias cov khoom no tuaj yeem ua rau lub siab puas, cov neeg uas muaj kab mob hauv lub siab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj no. Cov khoom no tuaj yeem ua rau azotemia hnyav. Nws tsis tsim nyog siv cov tshuaj no yog tias twb muaj lub raum tsis zoo lawm. Yog tias muaj cov cim qhia, nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo txiav txim siab thiab qhov ntau npaum li cas yuav tsum raug txo raws li qib kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub raum. Xiam oob qhab thaum cev xeeb tub lig.
Tetracycline phiv cov hniav
Tetracycline tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov hniav. Tetracycline tuaj yeem khi rau calcium hauv cov pob txha thiab cov hniav tshiab, ua rau txha hniav laus tsis zoo thiab ua daj, thiab ua rau cov hniav daj daj los yog tsaus xim av. Qhov hu ua "tetracycline cov hniav" kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov pob txha deformities thiab tsim cov pob txha, uas tau txwv qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam mos pob txha thiab ua rau muaj kev loj hlob qeeb ib ntus. Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 8 xyoo yog neeg xiam oob khab. Kev siv Tetracycline thaum cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau menyuam hauv plab lossis ua rau cov hniav tsis zoo nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm tus menyuam.
Qhov xaus:
β-lactam thiab tetracycline tau siv dav hauv ntau yam lag luam xws li kev yug qaib, aquaculture, kev ua tsiaj, tshwj xeeb yog kev tsim mis. Yog li, kev kuaj pom β-lactam thiab tetracycline hauv mis yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
Ballya muab ob-hauv-ib qho khoom ntsuas rau
-lactam thiab
tshuaj tetracycline, uas yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam thiab tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kuaj pom ib zaug kom paub tias muaj of-lactam thiab tetracycline li cas. Tsis yog tsuas yog lact-lactam thiab tetracycline, Ballya tseem muab ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob, ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab nrawm, cov txiaj ntsig tau ua raws li EU tus qauv, tso cai rau peb haus cov mis zoo dua.
